Java Inventory Program 1-3 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1446 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Instructions: This document contains the tutorials for Inventory programs 1-3. These programs will be separated by pages between each program in addition to being color coded. NOTE: This information will need to be copy and pasted into a notepad document. For your own benefit, please do not plagiarize this work. // Inventory program part 1 Inventory1. java // // A product class that stores and makes the name of the product, the item number, the number of units in stock, and the price of each unit retrievable. // Java app. that displays the product name, the item number, price of each unit, and the value of inventory. mport java. util. Scanner; import java. text. NumberFormat; import java. text. DecimalFormat; class Product { private String name; // product name private int number; // product part number private double price; // product unit price private int quantity; // products in stock public Product(String N, int Num, double P, int Q) // Constructor { name = N; number = N um; price = P; quantity = Q; } // Getters and setters public void setName(String N) // method to set product name { name = N; } public String getName() // method to get product name { return name; } ublic void setNumber(int Num) // method to set part number { number = Num; } public int getNumber() // method to get part number { return number; } public void setPrice(double P) // method to set unit price { price = P; } public double getPrice() // method to get unit price { return price; } public void setQuantity(int Q) // method to set product quantity { quantity = Q; } public int getQuantity() // method to get product quantity { return quantity; } public double getTotalPrice() // return the total value of the inventory { double TotalPrice = quantity * price; eturn TotalPrice; } } // End class product public class Inventory1 { // starts execution of Inventory program public static void main(String args[]) { // create Scanner to obtain input from command window Scanner input = new Scan ner(System. in); // create NumberFormat to obtain input from command window NumberFormat currency = new DecimalFormat(u00A4 #. 00); System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the name of the product: ); // prompt for name of product String N = input. nextLine(); // read product name from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the product number for the product: ); // prompt for product number int Num = input. nextInt(); // read product number from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the unit price for the product: $ ); // prompt for unit price double P = input. nextDouble(); //read product unit price from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. rintln(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter number of units of product in stock: ); // prompt for number of units in stock int Q = input. nextInt(); // read number of units in stock System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line double TotalPrice = Q * P; System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(Product name: + N); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(Product number: + Num); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(Products unit price: + currency. format(P)); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(The value of the inventory is + currency. format(TotalPrice)); } // End method main } // End class Inventory1 // Inventory program part 2 Inventory2. java // // Uses a method to calculate the value of the entire inventory // Uses another method to sort the array items by the name of the product // Output displays all product information as well as value of entire inventory import java. util. *; import java. text. NumberFormat; import java. text. DecimalFormat; cla ss Product implements Comparable { rivate String name; // class variable that stores the item name private int number; // class variable that stores the item number private int quantity; // class variable that stores the quantity in stock private double price; // class variable that stores the item price public Product(String N, int Num, int Q, double P) // Constructor for the Supplies class { name = N; number = Num; quantity = Q; price = P; } // Getters and setters public void setName(String N) // method to set product name { name = N; } public String getName() // method to get product name { return name; } ublic void setNumber(int Num) // method to set part number { number = Num; } public int getNumber() // method to get part number { return number; } public void setPrice(double P) // method to set unit price { price = P; } public double getPrice() // method to get unit price { return price; } public void setQuantity(int Q) // method to set product quantity { quantity = Q; } publi c int getQuantity() // method to get product quantity { return quantity; } public double calculateInventoryValue() // method to calculate the value of the inventory { return price * quantity; } // sorts Products by their product name. ublic int compareTo (Object o) { Product s = (Product)o; return name. compareTo(s. getName()); } public String toString() // returns a string representation of the product information { System. out. println(); return Name: +name+ Number: +number+ Price: $ + price + Quantity: +quantity+ Value: $ +calculateInventoryValue(); } } // End class product public class Inventory2 { // main methods begins execution of java application public static void main( String args[]) { Product[] supplies = new Product[6]; // create array of office supllies // inventory of office supplies Product p1 = new Product(Pens, 1, 76, . 5); Product p2 = new Product(Markers, 2, 43, 1. 00); Product p3 = new Product(White-out, 3, 17, 2. 00); Product p4 = new Product(Pencils, 4, 9 1, . 15); Product p5 = new Product(Crayons, 5, 62, . 99); Product p6 = new Product(Paint Set, 6, 12, 19. 99); supplies[0] = p1; supplies[1] = p2; supplies[2] = p3; supplies[3] = p4; supplies[4] = p5; supplies[5] = p6; double total = 0. 0; for(int i= 0; i 6;i++) { total = total + supplies[i]. calculateInventoryValue(); } // Display the total value of the inventory on the screen System. out. printf(Total value of the entire inventory is: $ %. f, total); System. out. println(); Arrays. sort(supplies); for(Product s: supplies) { System. out. println(s); System. out. println(); } } // end main method }//end class Inventory2 //Inventory Program Part 3 Inventory3. java // //Uses a subclass that adds an additional feature //Uses a method in the subclass to calculate the value of the inventory and adds a 5% restocking fee //to the value of each product //Displays output, sorted by name, including additional feature and 5% restocking fee class Inventory { String number; //stores product numb er String name; //stores product name nt quantity; //stores quanity in stock double price; //stores product price double restockFee; //stores product restocking fee public Inventory(String Num, String N, int Q, double P, double F) { name = N; number = Num; quantity = Q; price = P; restockFee = F; } public void setName(String N) //Method to set and get the product name { name = N; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setNumber(String Num) //Method to set and get the product number { number = Num; } public String getNumber() { return number; } public void setQuantity(int Q) //Method to set and get the quantity in stock { quantity = Q; public int getQuantity() { return quantity; } public void setPrice(double P) //Method to set and get the price of product { price = P; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setRestockFee(double F) //Method to set and get the product restocking fee { restockFee = F; } public double getRestockFee() { return restockFee; } public double getInventoryValue() //Method to calculate the value of the in stock inventory { return price * quantity; } public static double getTotalValueOfAllInventory(Inventory [] inv) { double tot = 0. 00; for(int i = 0; i inv. length; i++) { tot += inv[i]. etInventoryValue(); } return tot; } public String toString() { return Product Name: +name + Product Number: +number+ Product Price: $+price+ Quantity in Stock: +quantity + Inventory Value: $+getInventoryValue(); } } // end Inventory Class class Product extends Inventory { String brand;// Subclass to add the products name brand double restockFee;// Restock fee to add to the inventory value // initialize constructor public Product(String brand, double restockFee, String Num, String N, int Q, double P, double F) { super(Num, N, Q, P, F); this. brand = brand; this. restockFee = restockFee; } ublic double getInventoryValue() // Figures total inventory value including restocking fee { return super. getInventoryValue() + (s uper. getInventoryValue() * restockFee); } public String toString() { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer( Brand: ). append(brand). append( ); sb. append(super. toString()); return sb. toString(); } } // End Product Class public class Inventory3 { public static void main(String args[]) { double restockFee = 0. 05; Product[] inventory = new Product[6]; //create array of Office Supplies inventory[0] = new Product(Gel Glide , restockFee, 1,Rollerball Pens , 26, 1. 00, . 5 ); inventory[1] = new Product(Sharpie , restockFee, 2,Markers , 23, 2. 00, 0. 10 ); inventory[2] = new Product(Bic, restockFee, 3,White-out, 7, 3. 00, . 15); inventory[3] = new Product(Generic, restockFee,4,Lead Pencils , 12, 4. 00, . 20); inventory[4] = new Product(Crayola, restockFee, 5, Crayons, 12, 5. 00, . 25); inventory[5] = new Product(Rose Art, restockFee, 6, Paint Set, 12, 6. 00, . 30); Product temp[] = new Product[1]; System. out. print( Thank you for using Office Supply Inventory Program ); // display ti tle System. out. println(); System. ut. println(); // Sorting the Inventory Information for(int j = 0; j inventory. length 1; j++) { for(int k = 0; k inventory. length 1; k++) { if(inventory[k]. getName(). compareToIgnoreCase(inventory[k+1]. getName()) 0) { temp[0] = inventory[k]; inventory[k] = inventory[k+1]; inventory[k+1] = temp[0]; } } } // Print the Inventory Information for(int j = 0; j inventory. length; j++) { System. out. println(inventory[j]. toString()); } System. out. printf( Total inventory value: $%. 2f , Inventory. getTotalValueOfAllInventory(inventory)); return; } } // End Inventory3 Class Don’t waste time! 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Personal Philosophy of Nursing - 682 Words

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Rosenald E. Alvin Florida Atlantic University A journey of 1000 miles begins with a single step, a Chinese proverb that I have come to live by through my journey of nursing. I never thought in a millions years that I would have become a nurse. When I was younger nursing was the only profession my mother pushed. It was as if everyone in our family had to be a nurse. Honestly, I think I rebelled from the thought of being a nurse simply because it was my mothers desire for my life. I went from wanting to become a lawyer, to a therapist, to a pharmacist, to even a radiology tech. Ultimately; nursing became the clear path that God wanted for me. Interestingly enough I have come to realize my personal†¦show more content†¦There are times when some of my patients just want talk to someone to the point where they are very difficult to deal with. Often times I realize that the patients that are on medications like Haldol and Xanax could easily be controlled if someone just listened to them oppose to thinking they where unruly. H ealth in nursing is having the understanding of the patients’ disease, processing my patient, and being able to competently take care of them. Not only that, but also being able to recognize the signs of whether my patient is declining or improving as well. I believe environment in nursing is having an atmosphere where everyone can function appropriately. When I say that, I am referring to being in a place where co-workers are able to ask questions and we are able to lean on one another. An environment where patients feel comfortable asking the doctors’ questions or even asking the nurses questions without feeling inadequate. The environment of the hospital helps play a huge role in patient care because if we work in a stressed place we then in turn display that in our care. My vision for myself as a nurse is that I will continue to grow and learn ways to be empathic. My desire is to always put my patient well being above my own. To live out my philosophy of nursing, every day I must remember that when I go to work it is not about me. It doesn’t matter what I am going through or what I am dealing with, when I step onto theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1475 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing When one thinks of a nurse they often think of a caring, compassionate, knowledgeable individual. They don’t often think that every nurse comes from different situation, past experiences, and life changing events that make nurses who he or she is. Everyone on this earth is unique and has something to contribute. The same goes for patients. Each patient has a different background and have different interests which make them who they are. In order to give the optimalRead MorePersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1190 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Megan A. Farrell Moberly Area Community College Introduction I, Megan Farrell, am currently a Licensed Practical Nurse at a treatment center that works with prisoners. I accepted a clinical positon here as a graduate, but plan to work in a hospital setting once I have become a Registered Nurse working in the Intensive Care Unit. I quickly worked my way up the latter from the clinic nurse to the Chronic Care nurse and I am quite passionate about furtherRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing1500 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Personal Philosophy of Nursing Pamela Metzger September 11, 2011 Jacksonville University Personal Philosophy of Nursing Nursing Philosophy What is nursing, what does nursing mean to me? After much thought I have put together a few ideas of what the term nursing means to me, along with some supporting ideas from references I have read. Jacksonville University School of Nursing Philosophy One of the primary foundations of the philosophy of JacksonvilleRead MorePersonal Nursing Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Nursing Philosophy My personal definition of nursing would be getting your patient to the highest level of health you can in your time with them while incorporating their family, environment, and beliefs/culture with a high level of critical thinking at all times. The American Nursing Association defines it as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of humanRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing810 Words   |  4 Pages12, September 2012 Personal Philosophy of Nursing The American Nurses Association defines nursing as, â€Å"protection, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2004, p. 7) There is a lot of work in nursing. There are lot of cores, focuses, visions, and philosophies of nursing. In my opinion thereRead MoreNursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing932 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Nursing My personal philosophy of nursing began at an early age watching my mother volunteer for 25 years on the local rescue squad, following in the footsteps of her mother. I learned that helping others in a time of need should always be a priority. Respect and dignity should always be shown to people, no matter the who they are or where they are from. I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the AmericanRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing1021 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing I believe that balance is necessary to living a healthy lifestyle. Fun and pleasure are a necessity of life. When you are living healthy, you are building up your immune system, strengthening your body and mind, fueling yourself with nutrients that will help you to grow and progress, and becoming stronger, quicker, confident, conscious, and bettering yourself all-around. Personal Philosophy on Personal Health I aim to eat as little processed foods as possibleRead MoreThe Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1642 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is aimed at addressing the personal philosophy of nursing (PPN) in caring for the people, their-health and their-environment. PPN is defined as the way of navigating true about understanding individual or people living situation in according to their values, beliefs, health and surrounding (Whitman, Rose, 2003). This PPN has reflected many times in my previous works as an assistant in nurse, with the ACT agents known as Rubies Nursing. In this role, I have cared for both moderate andRead MoreThe Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1820 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper is aimed at addressing the Personal Philosophy of Nursing (PPN) in caring for the people, their-health and their-environment. PPN is defined as the way of navigating true about understanding individual or people living situation in according to their values, beliefs, health and surrounding (Whit man, Rose, 2003). Nurses in the process of applying for work may be asked about their PPN, and it is sometimes a required part of an employment packages. This PPN has reflected many times in myRead MoreNursing Philosophy Essay : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing903 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy Paper Ndeye Ndack Gueye University of Central Oklahoma NURS 1221 December 1, 2017 Personal Philosophy Paper Nursing is a worthy career that allows the specialized nurse to improve healthcare. I believe that nursing is not only caring for the sick and injured, but also making the patients your priority. They should be treated with care, kindness, dignity, respect and compensation and not judged. In return, they should be able to trust you and be comfortable

International Economic Development Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the International Economic Development Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: According to Albassam (2015), Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA), is an investment association created in the year 2000, by the government of Saudi Arabia. It helps in formalizing the processes to generate investment in the country and help in gaining economic liberalization. Its prime objective is to provide services of investments to the different sectors of the country like energy, transportation, ICT and knowledge based industries. Achieving economic stability by fostering investment is one of the main objectives of such an association. SAGIA establishes various investment strategies each year that facilitates in the improvement of the economical structure of the country. At present, the rate of gross domestic product for the year 2015 is 653 billion US dollars, with an economic growth rate of 3.4% (SAGIA.gov.sa. 2016). This present value of the economys GDP is a sudden fall in the value, comparatively to the earlier three years. The annual variation investment percentage is -1.5%, which emphasizes a negative impact upon the productive capacity country. There is a record fiscal deficit of 15%, with an accumulated public debt of 5.8% (SAGIA.gov.sa. 2016). The country is in ardent need of an efficient investment strategy that would help the country to upgrade its growth conditions. SAGIAs investment strategies for Saudi Arabia must be able to incorporate effective techniques that would initiate the positive growth of the society. An investment strategy plays vital roles in attaining economic stability of the country. One of the most beneficial effects of the investment strategy is to promote regional development, achieve economic diversification, create employment, enhance competitiveness and generate trade and investment in the country. SAGIA helps in forming a well developed investmet promotion strategy that helps the construction sector of the country. Saudi Arabia has a large construction sector with an annual gdp of about 21billion US$. In 2013, the country had to import almost 36% of medium value added inputs and 62% of high value added inputs for construction sector of the country. The country can invest the forign direct investments in the construction sector, so that it easily utilizes the resources for building an equipped infrastructural unit of the economy. The foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia has decreased to a certain extent in the country. Government has heavily invested on the countrys infrastructural facilities in order to attract the FDI, as it is considered to be one of the effective ways to diversify the economy. SAGIA aims at attracting the FDI in order to create the largest construction market in the middle east. Government lays emphasis on improving infrastructure , transport, and real estate. The Saudi Arabian government has planned to raise funds by formulating promotional investment strategies in order to construct 3000 new schools and 117 hospitals over the period of 2015-2020. Ministry of housing would launch housing projects in various cities of the country. A new court would be created who would tackle only the real estate matters and the firms are supposed to join the ijar system. The non-oil sector is being put to focus by the banking sector, so that it initiates FDI in the country (Flora and Agrawal 2014). SAGIA provides with information and assistance to the foreign investors. It permits the foreigners to invest in various sectors of the economy. By improving the investments inflow in the country, it would help the country to open trade and investment establishment. Investments are encouraged to be invested inindustrial district, seaport, residential area, central business district, resort and educational zone. Main focus is laid on cities like Rabigh, Hail, Madinah And Jazan which are aimed at building economic cities of the country. Along with the information provided by the SAGIA to the investors, it even provides them with the license and support services, coordinates with the government ministries to enhance the process of investment (Jensen and Lindstdt 2013). Along with the positive effects of trade and investments in Saudi Arabia, there are some negative effects prevailing in the country that discourages investors to invest in the country. Government of Saudi Arabia lays stress on hiring the Saudis for higher proportions and at higher costs, restrictive visa policy for the foreign workers in the country, slow payment under the government contracts, following a conservative social customs, and gender biased workforce (Moosa 2016). An efficient investment strategy should be created by SAGIA that would be worthy enough to attract the foreign investors, thereby helping the country to overlook the negative effects of dealing with the country and emphasizes on building a healthy trade relation. Sustainability Issues and Implications of Investment Promotion Strategy Investment promotion strategies help in building the image of the country and generating investment by attracting them through different sets of incentives by targeting specific investors who are committed to various social benefits . The world bank has ranked Saudi Arabia as the 12th country out of 183 countries who has been able to do business with foreign investors (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). This rank showcases the methods and effort made by the country in improving their investment promotional strategies as generated by SAGIA. Yet there are many investors who have shown some concerns regarding the laws that are applied un practice by the company. There is a limit on the amount of foreign investments that can be made in Saudi Arabia. There is uncertainity of the global economies impact on private sector participation. Developers find it difficult to get the availability of contracting capacity, while contractors fin it difficult to source labour and materials during many phases of the economic cities project development. The construction sector faces a great drop in value of contracts awarded during the year 2014. There was a fall of 77% in the contracts as a result of decline in the price of hydrocarbons thereby putting an impact on the oil revenues and raising government expenditure. This delay hampers the progress of building economic cities in the country and threby posing a thrat to the construction sector of teh economy. According to Moser, Swain and Alkhabbaz (2015), SAGIA , in order to attract the foreign investors, provide them with 100% ownership of projects, removes restrictions on foreign employees, charges no personal income tax from the foreign companies, provides with various export and import incentives along with least amount of leasing charges with a contract term of minimum 2 years. In spite of all the major facilities provided to these companies, there are some flaws if the in the rules framed by the country that discourages the foreign investors to sign a deal with Saudi Arabia . All the companies that are willing to invest in the country must possess a license issued from SAGIA to that company. After the issuance of the license, SAGIA is supposed to respond to the application within thirty days. If SAGIA does not respond within the prescribed time period, then the application is supposed to be accepted. As stated by Seguin (2014), in reality, the true picture states a different scenar io. All these contradicting matters have discouraged various foreign investors to obtain a license in Saudi Arabia (Aldosari and Atkins 2015). SAGIA has been establishing various investment promotion strategies and have been diverting itself from the previous strategy. The companies have been forced by SAGIA to some extent to abide the hiring quotas and transfer of technologies within 18 months. This model does not fit all the business types (Rogmans and Ebbers 2013). Many investors were discouraged by the regulations made by SAGIA . They found it quite vague in nature. There is lack of coordination and rivalry persists mong the government bodies and ministries of the state. All these various issues implies sustainability problems of the various investment promotional strategies generated by Saudi Arabian general investment authority (SAGIA). Recommendations for Investment Promotion Strategy As stated by Hsu and Tiao (2015), Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA) has formulated various investment promotion strategies that helps the country to attract the foreign direct investment and initiate the productivity in the economy. Investments would help the country to upgrade their infrastructural facilities and upgrade the construction sector of the country. Generation of employment schemes for the Saudi people would take place that would maintain the standard of living. Yet, the strategies created by the association is not able to successfully attract the foreign investors. Various issues have created a controversial environment dor the association in attracting foreign investment. The association must specify the investment companies that had been targeted for the promotion process and must be contacted by the association to provide them with various incentives and invite them to invest in Saudi Arabia. It must lay emphasis on the coordination with the concerned authorities regarding the investment promotion. SAGIA must actively participate in the promotional activities in less developed areas. The website of SAGIA must be linked with the websites of other authorities concerned with investment. It must help in attracting the companies that are interested in investing for the economic cities of the country. The process of building the cities must be made quite attractive so that it is successful in attracting the investors. SAGIA must be clear in its strategies and provide the companies with a detail list of facilities that would be provided to them.(Cader and Anthony 2014). SAGIA must organize periodic meetings with the investors to present them with the investment opportunities and get the opinions , suggestions and problems from them . They must provide the investors with all the detailed information regarding the investment schemes and organization their visits to Saudi Arabia . These above mentioned recommendations would help to attract most of the investments and would be successful in implementing an efficient investment promotion strategy. Reference Albassam, B.A., 2015. Does Saudi Arabias economy benefit from foreign investments?.Benchmarking: An International Journal,22(7), pp.1214-1228. Aldosari, A. and Atkins, J., 2015. A study of corporate social responsibility disclosure practices in Saudi Arabia. Cader, A.A. and Anthony, P.J., 2014. Motivational issues of faculty in Saudi Arabia.Higher Learning Research Communications,4(4), p.76. Flora, P. and Agrawal, G., 2014. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth relationship among highest FDI recipient Asian economies: A panel data analysis.International Business Management,8(2), pp.126-132. Hsu, J. and Tiao, Y.E., 2015. Patent rights protection and foreign direct investment in Asian countries.Economic Modelling,44, pp.1-6. Jensen, N.M. and Lindstdt, R., 2013.Globalization with whom: Context-dependent foreign direct investment preferences. Working Paper. Moosa, I., 2016.Foreign direct investment: theory, evidence and practice. Springer. Moser, S., Swain, M. and Alkhabbaz, M.H., 2015. King Abdullah Economic City: Engineering Saudi Arabias post-oil future.Cities,45, pp.71-80. Rogmans, T. and Ebbers, H., 2013. The determinants of foreign direct investment in the Middle East North Africa region.International Journal of Emerging Markets,8(3), pp.240-257. SAGIA.gov.sa. (2016). About SAGIA. [online] Available at: https://www.SAGIA.gov.sa/en/AboutSAGIA/pages/default.aspx [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Salem, M.I., 2014. The role of business incubators in the economic development of Saudi Arabia.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),13(4), p.853. Seguin, J.F., 2014. An overview of recent developments at the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority.Client Briefing, Clifford Chance.

Willy Loman in Utter Despair an Example by

Willy Loman in Utter Despair In the Death of a Salesman, the protagonist is an aging, unsuccessful salesman with calluses in his hands. He is a deeply embittered man, disillusioned with his life as if tricked into believing that America is the land of opportunity. Because of his agony over his unfulfilled dreams, he tries to commit suicide several times. He is someone that anybody can easily empathize with, even heightening the essence of the tragedy because the audience can readily feel pity for Willy. He is such a foolish and pathetic being, All through his life, Willy Loman lived in an illusion of grandeur of himself and his sons. Little did he know that the American dream is all but a legend unless pursued with relentless hard work. This paper maintains that Willy Loman was crushed under the burden of despair, events conspiring for that one last decision to end it all because nothing else matters after he loses track of the reality around him. Need essay sample on "Willy Loman in Utter Despair" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The setting of the story is in the 1940s, where America is regaining its economy, and more and more people are penetrating the ranks of middle-upper class. Willy is swallowed in this era of rising materialism. He measures success solely in terms of material things and ones ability to provide well for his family. However, he was shortsighted for believing that success is determined by who you know, emphasizing outward appearance and personality as the key to reach the top of the ladder. These are the values he taught his sons, who like him, are also suffering from different levels of dissatisfaction. Biff, the older son, at the age thirty-four can not hold a steady job and has been constantly stealing from all his previous employers; Happy is a chronic womanizer, and a successful professional though he admits that he is never happy with his life because he never risked failure. This is only the start of the conflict. As the story progresses, we see Willy, realizing the discrepancy of their lives (especially after he was fired), despite being jealous of his neighbors affluence, acknowledges his pathetic state, telling Charley almost tearfully that he is the only friend he ever has. Willy is a man who finds it hard to confront the realities of his life. Thus, another important aspect of the story is Willys hallucinations, which are mostly about the better days when he was full of hope and vigor, believing that his sons, who are born looking like Adonises will make it big in the business world. These hallucinations are presented as flashbacks. It provides the play with both an air of realism and surrealism. It was Willy Lomans dream to die a salesmans death just like his famed colleague, Dave Singleman. For Willy, Singleman lived and died the way a salesman should for he was successful, popular and well liked. Unfortunately, the hero of Arthur Millers award-winning play had a life so much different from what he dreamed of, and during his untimely death, his son Biff, contemplated that he certainly had the wrong dreams and didnt know who he was. Arthur Miller encapsulates into the character of Willy Loman the dilemmas of the common man, and in the process, created a modern tragedy out of the life of a lowly salesman living in Brooklyn. During that time, materialism and capitalism flourished along with the growing middle-classes. It is therefore, in this scenario that Willy Loman forms his ideals. He measures success in terms of material wealth and ascent in the corporate ladder. What he fails to realize, however, is that character and good looks are not enough to reach this success, and that not everyone can simply get lost in it. Willy Loman had a penchant for carpentry when he was young, but he gave it up in order to pursue a job in sales, which for him holds a brighter promise of prosperity. Because he gave up a part of himself, he lived an illusive life. He grew old in sales until the company consumed him, yet he never fulfilled his aspirations. Nevertheless, Willy was not able to break away from his priorities of wealth and recognition, so he turned to his sons and transferred upon them his ideals of worldly success. The neighbors, Charlie and Bernard, are the antithesis of the Lomans. They do not have false delusions and they work hard to do well instead of rely on physical appearances and other peoples goodwill. Charlie opened Willys eyes for a brief moment, but it was Biffs words during a row that resonated the loudest. Biff argued with Willy, who still believes that they have what it takes to be successful, that they are just common people, dime a dozen in other words. Unlike his father, Biff discerns what he really wants in life, not wealth and renown, and decided to settle down in a cattle ranch. Through this act, he departs from the conventional measure of mans success and identity, something that Willy would never understood. Willy is after all the tragic hero who becomes ensnared in his tragic flaw. His redemption comes back when he drives to his suicide so that his family can have the $20,000 insurance money. This is tragedy, according to Arthur Miller (1949), since it is when man strives to gain his rightful position in his society even if it means giving up his life that greatly touches the audience. Willy ends up a sad, confused and disillusioned man. Even before the curtain finally closes, a great irony of this tragedy is unveiled: On that same day of Willys funeral, Linda has made the final payment of their house. For a man who worked for thirty-five years building his security, who once stated that, Once in my life Id like to own something outright before its broken! Im always in a race with the junkyard. Willy indeed had a pitiful death and a worthless life. Work Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Penguin (Non-Classics). Oct. 6, 1998.

Personal Brands Be Yourself or Create Yourself - The Writers For Hire

PERSONAL BRANDS: BE YOURSELF OR CREATE YOURSELF? Marketing is about image – and in this world of social media marketing, personal branding is paramount. But how do you walk the line between being yourself and creating yourself? It’s a question that’s been plaguing marketers (check out this blog on businessgrow.com). And you know what? No one wants to buy into another slick marketing campaign – there’s real value by just marketing you as you. Being Yourself Good marketing copy reflects a true representation of you. Don’t hold anything back – really think about what defines YOU. Are you brutally honest? A real nice guy (or girl)? Smart and aggressive? By being yourself in copy, you’re more likely to attract customers that are a good match for you. Like attracts like, plain and simple. What’s more – being yourself is often a better way to get attention. Perez Hilton, gossip blogger, has one of the most popular blogs on the Internet. There are lots of celebrity blogs out there, but Hilton’s success lies in one thing: his personality. He’s brash, he’s bold, he’s downright mean. And people love it. The problem a lot of businesses or businesspeople have is that they try to attract EVERYONE in their copy. You just can’t do it (see my previous blog on finding an audience). You need to position yourself, and accept the fact that not everyone is going to be interested in what you have to say, and not everyone is going to buy one of your widgets. So instead, try attracting clients and customers that ARE interested. Clients that are a lot like you. There’s a couple of ways you can do that. Some ways to express your personality and build your personal brand through copy include: 1. Always using an easy, conversational style. Skip all the words you used in college, people appreciate simplicity. 2. Finding the appropriate tone. What are you like? Are you hip and cutting edge? Honest and old fashioned? Friendly and forthcoming? Tone will help you connect to clients on a personal level. 3. Be transparent and honest. If you don’t work with small businesses, explain that to potential clients. If you don’t think you can deliver on a particular project, let them know. Finding the right client match means that both parties should be honest, open, and communicative. 4. Don’t try to people-please too much. Of course, clients should always get what they want †¦ within reason. If you’re an expert, then be the expert – if you can tell off the bat that a potential client isn’t a good fit with your personality (are they too demanding? Not open to new ideas?), then you might be better off passing on that client. You’ll often find that clients who don’t mesh with your personality won’t make lasting relationships. Personal branding is all about creating and maintaining relationships. The best way to create lasting relationships? Just be yourself – you’ll get along with your clients much better. Creating Yourself Now, there’s nothing really wrong with projecting an image. Ed Schipul, author of http://eschipul.com blog, is one proponent of creating a brand. Creating a brand often means putting your true personality aside and trying to appeal to what you think people want. If you want to branch out and grab high-end customers, you may need to completely rewrite all of your marketing materials, get a flashy web designer, and move into an upscale office. That’s creating a brand: you may feel more comfortable in jeans and T-shirts, but the clients you want to attract are more the suit-wearing type. Now, I would contend that â€Å"creating† an image isn’t always the best way to go – especially if you’re running a business or social media enterprise. Why? Well, you’re likely to attract the wrong kind of clients and develop the wrong kind of relationships †¦ which can lead to a lot of frustration on your part. Often, when you’re not being â€Å"true to yourself† in your branding, you may start to feel dishonest. You may feel like your business and your clients are running you – not the other way around. Maybe all your energy and passion gets sapped because suddenly, you’re not doing what makes you happy, and your business has taken on an entirely different direction. Before going out and â€Å"creating† a persona to brand yourself, ask yourself: 1. What’s more important – owning your business and being true to yourself, or letting your clients tell you how it is? 2. What’s more important – providing a great product or service, or providing a great brand? 3. What’s more important – developing a large client base to sustain your in the future, or making a sale now? Developing an image isn’t a bad thing – but when it starts to overshadow good business practice, like making a good product, delivering a great service, honesty, and your own personal happiness, that image can certainly hurt you. What do you guys think? Do you work to create an image, a story, or a brand that matches up to your target audience? Or is settling into your natural personality a smarter way to go?

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Cultural Significance of the Novella

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Cultural Significance of the Novella Robert Stevenson’s novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has long attracted the attention of many film-makers, painters, and writers. The idea that several personalities can co-exist in a human being can greatly appeal to many people who may want to explore it in their works. This is why many films, comic books, or novel contain a direct or indirect reference to this novella. Moreover, this literary work has often been parodied.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Cultural Significance of the Novella specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing such a movie as Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde directed by David Price. The authors of this film do not focus on the moral duality of a person. Instead, they pay more attention to the idea that gender distinctions can often be artificially constructed (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). So, Stevenson’s work serves as a sta rting point for the movie, but the film-makers use it to express different ideas. First, it should be noted that the movie tells the story of a perfumer Richard Jack who is a descendent of Dr. Jekyll. The main protagonist takes interest in the work of his ancestor and studies his notes. However, to his amazement, the substance invented by Dr. Jekyll turns him into a woman who calls herself Helen (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). Later she starts a career where Richard works and wants to replace him as a perfumer (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). Certainly, this film relies on Stevenson’s novella, but the film-makers concentrate on how modern people perceive gender differences. In part, the film-makers want to explore some of the stereotypes popular in the modern society. For example, Richard Jacks wants to achieve success as the main perfumer of the company and become the owner of this business. Nevertheless, Helen’s intention to take over the company is perceived as vanity. So, the film-makers pay close attention to these stereotypes. Special attention should be paid to one of the scene at the beginning of the film. When, Richard concocts the substance created by his ancestor, he drinks it (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). The film-makers are able to portray his horror when he understands that his experiment leads to unexpected results (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). On the whole, it is possible to say that Stevenson’s work has been used in order to produce a comedic effect on the viewer. This scene completely contradicts the expectation of many people, but it is definitely worth attention, especially if a person wants to see how a literary work can inspire film-makers. Certainly, the readers of Stevenson’s novella may be slightly disappointed by this film because they certainly expect to see the conflict between the good and evil within an individual. Certainly, the film uses the plot of the novella; nevertheless, it serves as a framework to explore differ ent themes, especially popular views on the differences between two genders.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, this discussion shows that Stevenson’s novella is still of great interest to film-makers. Certainly, there are many works that are inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and these characters can even be used for comedic purposes. The film that has been discussed here shows that this literary work can lay the basis for a comedy that does not necessarily explore ethical concepts. Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde. Ex. Prod. Frank, Isaac. London: Savoy Pictures. 1995. DVD.

Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mutation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mutation - Assignment Example Select each sample with your mouse and â€Å"drag† it to the virtual microscope in order to observe the cells in each sample. It was observed that 90 percent (nine cells) of the normal cells were in the anaphase stage of mitosis in the first sample while only 10 percent was in prophase. In the second sample, 90 percent of the cells were in anaphase while only 10 percent of the cells were in the telophase stage of mitosis. These two observations showed than in normal cells, only 10 percent of the cells were actively dividing at any given time. In sample 3, which was a cancerous tissue, 70% of the cells (7 cells) were in the interphase stage while 20 % (2 cells) were in the prophase stage. 10 % (1 cell) was in the anaphase stage. Similarly, in sample 4, 70 % of the cells were in interphase while 10% (1 cell) was in prophase, metaphase and telophase stages of mitosis. These findings showed that cancer cells have an abnormally higher rate of division and proliferation. Therefore, the results of the experiment were in line with the expected observations of the experiment. These findings suggest that a general approach to combat cancer is preventing the abnormal multiplication of cancerous cells. One such way is through eliminating the cancerous cells, which can be achieved through chemotherapy as well as radiation therapy. Chemotherapy involves the use of chemical agents that target certain stages in the cell cycle of cancerous cells (Priestman, 2012). In addition, anticancer drugs work against certain proteins that are vita in the survival of cancer cells. Radiotherapy, on the other hand, is the utilization of high-energy radiations to eliminate malignant cells (Reilly, 2010). The two methods may be used concurrently. Another treatment option is the surgical removal of the malignant cells. Though the mode of action of the various methods may differ, all cancer treatment methods aim at eradicating

Employee Re-sourcing & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Re-sourcing & Development - Essay Example Since January Safeway have refocused their activities on managing change and over 120 staff members have participated in these courses to date. Safeway's normal skills training for store staff, launching apprenticeship programmes for butchers, fishmongers and florists. Additionally, 210 bakers completed the craft baking NVQ, while over 7,000 of Safeway's people have now received craft skills and systems training at one of Safeway's three regional training centres. (Beardwell, 2001-58-62) Delivering the best customer service continues to be a high priority. During the year Safeway extended Safeway's Star Service programme to include a new initiative designed to help Safeway become the "friendliest store in town". Safeway's people in stores have been asked to concentrate on "smiling, greeting, helping and thanking" customers every time they have contact with them. High standards are expected and by the end of the year independent monitoring showed that over 90% of Safeway's stores were either meeting or close to meeting all of these targets. (Corbridge, 1998, 78-86) Safeway employs approximately 85,000 people in stores, depots and offices across the UK. Through Safeways employment policy Safeway aim to provide fair treatment for all colleagues, invest in their development, protect their well-being and keep them both informed and involved. In 2004/05 Safeway defined 12 employment and training targets to ensure that these aims were achieved. For example: Safeway encourages open and honest communication through a range of initiatives. Safeway conduct a 6-monthly survey of Safeways colleagues, "Survey for Everyone", which allows every individual to give feedback on their job, their manager, their location, Safeway as a place to work and their perception of the Company's performance. At local level, teams of colleagues are empowered to take action on anything arising from the survey results. Other initiatives such as focus groups and Safeways intranet facility ("Grapevine") are referred to in the Chief Executive's review. Safeway have established a Colleague Council for the Hayes site, with representatives elected from all Head Office divisions. The meetings have opened up a valuable channel for two-way communication with employees to discuss how Safeway can improve the way in which Safeway work together. Such has been their success that Safeway have already begun to roll this out to other areas of the business. Safeway's centralized recruitment centre at Warrington is now fully operational and receives an average of over 11,000 hotline calls per week. Safeway also receive over 800 job applications through Safeways website every week. Safeway have enjoyed ongoing success in working with the Investors in People framework, with several divisions achieving recognition and a significant proportion of Safeways store colleagues working towards accreditation. Storebrand Investment's assessment of 86 retailers worldwide in 2005, which included Safeway in the top 30% "best in class" of its sample. Safeway are pleased with these results and will continue to work with all these

Business Plan for a Real Estate Business in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Business Plan for a Real Estate Business in Bangladesh Essay It will make good quality flats for clients to live and enjoy lot more exclusive facilities. All these will be available at a very reasonable price. Since we believe in economies of scale. Slogan: â€Å"feel like living on heaven in every moment† Financing: To start up the business, Tk. 20 crores will be required, some additional needs to be financed by the bank. The loan will be repaid by five years. Confidentiality: This Business Plan is strictly confidential and is the property of the co-owners mentioned above. Any reproduction of the material inside will result is strictly prohibited. There has always been a good demand in the real estate market, and as the income level of the people of Bangladesh grows, that demand is surging even further. People want to buy unique, good-looking and attractive flats, but they want a good value for their money as well. That’s where we come in. We offer excellent quality flats, at reasonable prices. Another uniqueness of our business is that we have a separate line of apartments for office/bank use only. There is currently no such real estate companies in Bangladesh that offers an exclusive line of apartments. Therefore, in this segment, we can enjoy the benefits of being an oligopolist. On the other hand, we have the business-to-business prospect. Due to good economic growth, apartments are on the rise. Raihan with share of profit and loss according to ratio of equity invested. Together, we have gathered the necessary expertise required to run a real estate business. Initially, we will of course incur losses, but we plan to make profits in the fourth or fifth year. Real Estate Industry Analysis Industry Analysis: Real estate is a fixed, tangible and immovable asset in form of houses or commercial property. Real estate market involves developing, renting, selling/purchasing and renovating of these assets (houses). Market participants includes o Developers (contractors, engineers, and so on), o Facilitators (mortgage companies, real estate brokers, banks, anagement agents and so on), owners, renters (leasers) Each product (house) is unique in terms of buildings, location, and financing thus market has heterogeneous products. Transaction costs are high and the process is usually long. Though there are mobile homes, but the land underneath is till immobile, real estate is an immovable asset. Market Segmentations: The main factor that affects demand in real estate industry is demographic features. The demographic variables include population size and growth, cultural background, beliefs. However, other factors like income, price of housing, cost and availability of funds, consumer preference, supplier’s preference, price of substitutes and compliments. Future Outlook: One of the most startling statistics regarding real estate in this country, and a fact few people even realize, is that big portion of land in the Bangladesh is held either by the Government or is being used for agricultural purposes. The total farm area comprises about 62% of the total geographical area, forest area accounts for 15%, Perennial water 11% and urban area only 01%. The physical landscape is characterized by small arable fields. There are over 11 million farm holdings with more than 65 million fragments. The pattern of land ownership is highly skewed. 5% for the families having land above 7. 2 acres own 26% of the land and 70% of the families having land below 2. 5 acres own only 29% of the land. The per capita availability of crop land is at present only 0. 24 acre. Land utilization statistics indicate that 54% of the net cropped area is single cropped and area under double and triple cropping account for 72% of the gross cropped area. 20% of the total cropped areas have irrigation facilities. Yield is low i. e. rice -0. 703 metric ton per acre. Annual food deficit ranges between 1. 5 2. 0 million metric tons. Frequent natural calamities like cyclone, flood, drought, tidal bore etc. add to the shortfall of crops and livestock. What this means is that only few portion of the country is available to support all residential and commercial uses. This equates to nearly 1800 people per square mile of land by 2020. Despite the mortgage crisis and resulting financial meltdown of the last several years, these statistics seem to indicate that owning real estate in Bangladesh will continue to be a wise investment. In the very basic economic sense, there is no more land being created (limited supply) and more population density every day (increased demand). ? Economy: Growth in FY2010 was better than expected in April 2010 in Bangladesh, as a pickup in domestic demand neutralized the impact of weak expansion in exports. Inflation came in below the April projection, and the current account surplus was higher. For FY2011, this Update retains the outlook of a moderate uptick in growth, but with a slightly lower forecast for inflation and a larger fall in the current account surplus. To raise growth prospects, power and gas shortages need to be eliminated and reforms accelerated. More fundamentally, political stability will be critical to boosting growth. The bank’s Monetary Policy Statement (MPS), issued in July 2010, indicated that there may have been some diversion of private credit into consumer spending and into speculative investments in the stock market and real estate. . So we are expecting that, the economic condition in Bangladesh will be much better for business. If we also consider the given figures the scenario will be clear more.

Comparison Between SSADM And SSM

Comparison Between SSADM And SSM INTRODUCTION The comparison between SSADM and SSM has taken in this topic by using NIMSAD. Both methodologies has shown their own concept of identifying problem situation and finding solution to fix the problems SSDAM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method) Structured System Analysis and Design method is a framework that adopts Structure approach to the analysis and design of the information systems alike previous structured methods such as Yourdon in 1976,DeMarco in 1979 . It is sequential development process called as waterfall method. It was produced for Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) and also the UK government now known as Office of Government Commerce (OGC). In 1981 UK government was taken this method as a compulsory for all projects but since then the other countries and some private organization used it greatly (Ashworth et al, 1995).SSADM supports the developers and project managers in understanding four questions they are What is to be done, When it is to be done, How it is to be done, Where the resultant inform is to be documented (Bentley et al, 1995).Some history of this methodology since 1980 Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency determines the analysis and design methods. In the year of 1981 Learmonth Burchett Management Systems (LBMS) method has chosen from shortlist of five. In the year of 1983 SSADM made mandatory for all new information system developments. Version 2 of SSADM was released in 1984. Version 3 of SSADM was released and that was adapted by NCC in 1986. After 1988, SSADM certificate of Proficiency launched, SSADM promoted as open standard. Version 4 of SSADM has released in 1990. (Websites: http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~steve/1/tsld005.htm). This is a wide methodology and also flexible to apply at any kind of problem situation. It divides the works or projects into distinct units (Downs et al, 1992).SSADM is a basic assumption that systems have an underlying, generic, data structure which changes very little over time (Ashworth et al,1990). The SSADM version 4 has formed five important frames such as, Feasibility Study (FS), Requirements Analysis (RA), Requirements Specification (RS), Logical System Specification (LS) and Physical Design (PD). This five-module framework has seven stages and each stage has explained exactly with their own strategy, controls, and activity, this helps the main purpose of the project management technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995; Downs et al, 1992). Diagram The Feasibility Study (FS) is first module of the methodology; it holds the position of stage 0, this phase has four steps: First one is prepare for study to know measurement of evaluation of the project; then define the problem by using comparison between requirements with current position; selection of Feasibility from among others; the final one is to submit a report of the Feasibility. Data flow diagram and flow documents are used in this technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). Requirement Analysis (RA) is one of the most important stages of SSADM. This involved with describing the requirements of information systems. This is a fundamental level for business purpose. It has two stages; a major aim of the first stage is to make understand fully about the system for analysts. Analyst should investigate the feasibility of the project if before stage was not done and also the problem situation should be described by using data models and data flow models; Interviewing to the employees and users also included in this stage. The second one is Business System option; during this stage the analysts would determine such business system options by group actions for their customers. The previous stage has named that, a business system option is a potential solution to the system requirements. This includes boundaries of the solution and inputs and outputs. Requirement Specification (RS) is a single stage and it makes over the description of the current environment and business system option which was made by Requirements Analysis. Clients of this system would select business option at the end of RA. During this stage analysts should combine the investigation of all the stages results from 1 to 3 by keep the business option, to develop a specification of the system. It also describes actual function of the system. Entity-event modelling and rational data analysis are the techniques used in this stage. During the stage 3, various models of the system are being developed such as, Data Flow Model (DFM) and Logical Data Model (LDM).This stage brings details the DFM and LDM. The function definition has unites into one for specification process design at this stage. The next module, Logical System Specification (LS) has two stages in it. Such as stage 4 and stage 5, Technical System Option considered as stage 4 and Logical design as stage 5. Technical System Option is the final stage for analysis phase and conversion to the literal system design. Many execution chances are suggested to select nearly suitable solution similar to stage 2. This technical system options are measured by financial cost and performance of the system and limitations etc. After the stage 4, Logical Design took place as a stage 5, the works and investigation has been done as same like before stage. The main execution of Logical Design is about human factor. It defines dialogue and updates enquiries in non-procedural manner, which is independent of any implementation strategy. Physical Design (PD) is the final module of this system. It is the best choice of possible technical and logical solution, the designer combines the result of the previous stages to build the final aim of the system. This is stage 6 and outcomes in PD for the data and processes (Ashworth et al, 1990, Bentley et al, 1995, Downs et al, 1992). The above essay tells that, SSADM has a well-defined structure and easy to understand by everyone. Many of the UK University has taken this information system in comprehensively and completely. These models and diagrams are giving complete definitions for the final users and developers to understand (Ashworth et al, 1990, Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). ETHICS (Effective Technique and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems) Ethics methodology came up out of work started by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School in 1969. Since then, it has been used in industries and the health services. Much experience gained from these usages (Mumford, 1997). Ethics is acronym, but this approach is to represent the ethical position. This is the information system development, which strongly supports the human participation (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). This methodology is well-known for its importance and interest in the human side of systems design (Jayaratna, 1994). It includes the socio-technical view for the system to be effective and this technology should be applicable for social and organisational factors. It also means that a valuable quality of working life and increased job satisfaction of the users is one of the major objective of this system design process. Mumford determines the essential quality of socio-technical approach as one which recognizes the interaction of technology and people and produces the work systems which are both technically efficient and have social characteristics which lead to high job satisfaction; and job satisfaction as the attainment of a good fit between what the employee is seeking from his work-and his job needs, expectations and aspirations-and what he is required to do in his job-the organisational job requirements which mould his experience(Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). To determine the concept of fit is used to describe the job satisfaction in five fields: Firstly, knowledge fit as a good fit lives when employees should accept that their skills are being adequately utilized and their knowledge being improved to make them efficiently; Physical fit is the second area that means; job must suitable for the employee status, encouragement of the progress and work interest; thirdly efficiency fit, it composed of the effort-reward bargain, work controls and supervisory controls; fourthly the task structured fit, that measures the level to the employees task are considered as being fulfilling and demanding; and the final area is ethical fit, this is also represents social value fit and determines whether the employer organisation be compatible with values of employee(Avison and Fitzgerald 1995). Ethics is a methodology that based on human participation and socio technical character. The Ethics design group consist of users, managers and technical experts. The objective of this methodology helps the design group in the way of identifying and formulating the problem, and also it will set objectives and develop alternatives, and allow other actions like implementing and evaluating new system. It aims to construct the computer based system that provides job satisfaction and achieve the efficiency needs of the organisation (Jayaratna, 1994). During this development, the importance placed on both the human and social and the technical views of the system. Users formulate social alternatives to improve job satisfaction, and experts formulate technical alternatives to improve business efficiency. The above aspects are emphasis to identify the best socio-technical fit under the common cost, resource and other environment constraints (Wong, 2001). Here, the ETHICS steps are executed by the design group: Why change? By enquiring about the problem situation of the current system, design group try to get objective through regular meetings and some discussions to answer the question: why do we need to change. This step gives clear reasons about why the changing system needed (Mumford, 1993). System Boundaries. The design team tries to identify the boundaries of the system and also how it is interfaces with other system. Description of Existing System. This step aims to educate the design group to know how the existing system works. Everyone in this group has more comprehensible of previous system before moving to the new system. 4, 5 and 6 Definition of the key objectives, tasks and information needs. Identify the key objectives for the design groups; the task required to achieve these objectives and information is needed to carry out the tasks. 7. Diagnosis of Efficiency Needs. The design group tries to identify the weak link in the system and that is to be documented. These are main reason for errors. Everyone outside the team help to identify the efficiency need. This could be the opportunity for the team to get involved in the development process. 8. Diagnosis of Job Satisfaction Needs. This is achieved by the standard questionnaire given in the ETHICS methodology. As we know earlier ETHICS is a human-cantered method for others to gain the job satisfaction. The design team tries to identify people needs and also ways to increase satisfaction by using ETHICS questionnaire. This questionnaire covers knowledge fit, physical fit, efficiency fit, task structured fit and ethical fit. 9. Future Analysis The new system need to be designed in the way that apart from just being better from previous system, it should also be able to cope with future changes that may occur in the technological, business and organisation or fashion. 10. Specifying and weighting Efficiency and Job Satisfaction Needs and Objectives Mumford identifies that this is the key step for the whole methodology. Objectives are set according to the diagnosis results of the three previous steps. It can be very difficult task and must involve everyone in the organisation. 11. Organizational Design of the New System. This is the logical and conceptual design of the new system. It should be performed in parallel with next step. The output of this step is detailed about the organizational changes which are needed for the job efficiency and satisfaction objectives. 12. Technical Options. The physical design has been taken by this step for new system. There are some various technical systems like hardware, software and GUI would be investigated and evaluated. By end of this step, most suitable one helps to achieve target of the project and job satisfaction. 13. Preparation of Detailed Design Work. In this step the selected system is designed in detail. The previous documentation is recorded and groups are defined, tasks, responsibilities are allocated and finally relationships are created. 14. Implementation. This is the important step of the development project. The design group now applies the success implementation of design. This connects closely to planning the implementation process in detail. 15. Evaluation. After the successful implementation, the system is assured it is meeting its main objectives, particularly in relation to efficiency and job satisfaction (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995, Mumford, 1993). Mumford recognizes that implementing this methodology is not an easy one; also she is making the addition point that participative may not work at the powerful situations where the objectives of the system have as a part of the reduction of cost and redundancies. Aylors and Myers suggest that participation may be achieved will be dependent on culture and politics of the organisation more than individuals (Avison and Taylor, 1995). However, many organizations are trying to establish the participation approach in flexible and more useful manner. The comparison between two methodologies (SSADM ETHICS): As we said in the introduction before, we will do comparison between two methodologies mentioned above by using NIMSAD (Normative Information Model-Based System Analysis and Design) framework. These methodologies are compared in detail by using the different steps. This framework consists of three steps and one of the steps contains eight stages fewer than three phases and all the stages steps are correctly evaluated. The steps and stages of the framework will be explained below, The Problem Situation (the methodology context). The Intended Problem Solver (the methodology user). The Problem Solving Process (the methodology). Phase 1- Problem Formation: Stage 1- Understanding the situation of concern. Stage 2- Performing the diagnosis. Stage 3- Defining the prognosis outline. Stage 4- Defining Problem Stage 5- Deriving notional systems. Phase 2- Solution Design: Stage 6- Performing the conceptual/logical design. Stage 7- Performing the physical design. Phase 3- Design Implementation Stage 8- Implementation of design. Evaluation. Problem Situation: This framework will be involved with clients and defines different between the action world and thinking world. This step explains that the problem situation lives in only on action world but the problem solving situation will be in both world. A diagrammatic model cannot catch the elements of an organisation, but they could be used to clarify the concepts and components. This clearly tells that the problem solvers own knowledge and skills will not help to understand the problem situation unless he/she know the organisational language (Jayaratna). Diagram of problem solving situation Intended Problem Solver: The intended problem solver is who originate within the organisation or outside of it. We have begun to discuss about the agreement of role and the act of forming relationship to be effective. The NIMSAD framework explains that the intended problem solver adds the single man component to the process and their Mental Construct is used. Diagram for the intended problem solver: Problem Solving Process: NIMSAD defines three important phases and eight detailed stages in this step and can be applicable for any problem solving process. This framework cannot be assumed and this should be achieved at the right time. This methodology could be structured process to alter transformation from current situation to the desired situation. Phase 1.Problem Formulation: Stage1.Understanding the Situation of concern: Understanding the problem is fully based on each one of our mental construct. This stage will build boundaries to determine the field of interest and clear communication of boundaries to avoid danger and this focused on investigation and establish concerned situation. Stage2.Perfoming the Diagnosis: Diagnosis is clearly communicated expression of understanding and that is gained from investigating the problem situation.

Most Commonly Cited Characteristics Found in Successful Entrepreneur Essay

There has been extensive research conducted on the characteristics that successful entrepreneurs possess. These attributes vary widely across literature, however there are common key traits that are required to achieve any form of success. Frederick et al (2013) suggest entrepreneurs are risk takers, optimistic, have sound judgement and an ability to manage. While a review of literature relating to the psychology of an entrepreneur reveals a large variety of characteristics in a successful entrepreneur, these can be consolidated to a a few into only a few traits that are essential for a successful entrepreneur. Whilst taking into consideration Frederick et al (2013) point of view of key characteristic, other research suggests that there are further primary attributes that a successful entrepreneur necessitates. The most important traits that all entrepreneurs must retain to have any form of success will be discussed with backing arguments from related literature. While there are many other characteristic, within the scope of this piece three essential traits are discussed. Of interest is the characteristics of confidence, while it will be the negative implications off excessive confidence will be outlined. Additionally, the ability to think creatively and innovative to help differentiate an entrepreneur from a manager or executive is to be analysed based on a example of Steve Jobs. Finally, leadership and it’s importance to an entrepreneurs organisation to allow people to share the vision of the entrepreneur. See more: how to cite an article in an essay It will be argued that without confidence an entrepreneur cannot succeed, however, overconfidence can be a drawback to the point where it is destructive in a entrepreneurs venture. While, any successful entrepreneur must contain the traits of creativeness and have the ability to innovate where society requires a product or service and what factors dictate the extent of the trait. Finally, leadership and it’s ability to motivate and how it is able to share the vision of the company will be discussed with an example as evidence. Confidence Confidence is a trait commonly described in literature as an essential trait for any entrepreneur. It is essential for their confidence to not waver in times of difficult down periods and consequently assists maintaining their confidence as well as the one of the people around them. Their own optimism and creates a level of self confidence that is required in decision making such that Nandan (2011) suggests that it is the self-confidence that allows an entrepreneur to make decisions to overcome any obstacle. Frederick et al (2013) describe self-confidence as a belief within their own ability which lacks hesitation. Although confidence is an essential trait for an entrepreneur, recent research has suggested that there is a cognitive bias of overconfidence in entrepreneurs (Fitzsimmons et al 2011) leading to failure. While Fitzsimmonms and Douglas suggest that the overconfidence is what separates them from being a manager, studies have found that overconfidence can also be harmful when making decisions in response to setbacks (Trevelyan 2008). This has also been backed up by Koellinger el al. (2007) who proposed that a negative relationship between entrepreneurial confidence and the ability for their survival. The evidence collected by literature suggests a general negative correlation between excessive confidence and success of an entrepreneur but it tends to be the case that without confidence an entrepreneur cannot succeed. While literature seems to indicate a fine line between confidence and an excess of it, it is clear any form of overconfidence is seen to be destructive. For example, a highly successful entrepreneur in Australia’s coal mining, Nathan Tinkler, has made his fortune by backing his judgement and investing in a bold play in Middlemount mine at a young age of 26, by taking out a half a million dollar loan. The subsequent sale of the land pocketed himself a sizable profit in which he continued to build his wealth on to become a billionaire and one of Australia’s richest men. However, it is his overconfidence in the coal mining has become his downfall in 2012. While it was Tinkler’s optimism and overconfidence on new venture activity resulted in his wealth, the research has detailed that excess optimism and overconfidence can be a drawback. Whyte et al (1997) found that overconfidence predicts an escalation of commitment to losing course of action and similarly in a simulation study conducted by Audia et al (2000) found that entrepreneurs that experience success were more likely to be overconfident and stuck to their ori ginal course of action (Audia et al, 2000). This is research is shown most prevalent in Tinkler’s actions immediately after his initial success to the point that his blindness and lack of any ability to review alternative decisions with his wealth resulted in is wealth halving. A further instance of this was when Tinkler invested heavily back in the coal mining sector with his wealth as this was the original course of action that made his wealth. Consequently, with a dip in the global coal price, Tinklers wealth halved from $1.18 billion to $630 million with many of his coal business’s put into receivership (Low 2013). His over confidence lead to an over evaluation of his business (Hayward and Hambrick 1997) and resulted in him investing in now unprofitable ventures (Zacharakis and Shepard 2001) because of his excess in confidence and belief of the business he had while lacking the ability on new venture development. Creativeness and Innovation Successful entrepreneur natural trait of being creative or innovative are of people who are driven by the desire to create or change something (Wiley 2007). Frederick et al (2013) suggest that the level of innovation in entrepreneurs is closely correlated to the geographic location and environment. As a result, their findings suggest that innovation and creativeness is not something that is genetic but a trait related to culture. Based on these findings, it would seem that creativeness and innovation may be learned and developed when they have been forced to create change in something (Wiley 2007). Wiley et al (2007) argues in their studies that innovative entrepreneurs include technological entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs who are not driven to create inventions or new science break through, however, are driven by culture to create change. As a result, studies indicate that this driver emerges from the need for change where unique goods and services are needed to be produced ( Frederick et al 2013). Additionally Jeffery et al (2009) argue in their studies that innovative entrepreneurs differ from executives based on four behavioral patterns. They suggest that innovative entrepreneurs acquire information differently to many top executives as the are able to question, observe the market, experiment and idea network (Jeffery et al 2009). Accordingly, innovative entrepreneurs develop a different train of thought to top managers where it can explain the ability for a innovative entrepreneur to create new innovative ventures. For these reasons it might be suggested that innovative entrepreneurs are less sensitive to the status quo bias and have the motivation to change the status quo through the creativeness and innovation. For instance, regarded by many as the most creative entrepreneur in the last decade, Steve Jobs, one of the co-founders of Apple, opened new product markets where none had existed before, turning Apple into a highly profitable business. He saw what many were not able to see, and developed new products such as the smart phone to compete with the conventional phone, which became the norm of the 21st century. Winslow (2007), suggests that the innovation and creativity has spawned not only because of the electronic era but the plethora of new materials and products (Winslow 2007) and it is clear that Jobs took full advantage of these developments. Leadership Leadership is a device that is used to obtain an organisations goal or desire though the means of influencing, motivation and sharing of a vision (Samson & Draft 2007). Studies suggest that leadership is associated with confidence where without self-assurance there would not be any leadership where it indicates that self-confidence is the fundamental basis of an entrepreneur (Francisco Dau). Furthermore according to Nandan (2011), self confidence is key to overcome any obstacles that may lie in front of an entrepreneur which is essential low periods and periods of uncertainty. Leadership was best demonstrated by Lee Iacoca in the lats 1970s and 80s in his ability to reshape the automotive industry. He is widely seen as one the the most influential leaders of the 20th century that helped reshape America. Indeed, it was his leadership that save Chrysler auto-motives from bankruptcy. Studies conducted by Samson and Draft illustrated that a organisations performance correlated to whether the senior executives and managers demonstrated strong leadership. They also indicated that strong leadership from the top resulted in increase in job satisfaction and commitment which assists in promoting creativity and sharing a vision of change. As a result Iacocca developed his nine C’s for leadership (curiosity, creative, communicate, character, courage, conviction, charisma, competent) where he utilised them to share his vision for change and influenced his employees to support him. Choosing to reduce his salary to $1 a year in order to help restore the company, Iacocca was able to illustrate his commitment to stakeholders and through rational persuasion was able to get the stakeholders to believe in his credibility. His $1 a year salary motivated others and assisted him inspire labor unions to accept a pay cut. Without this level of leadership, entrepreneur’s are not able to share their vision with their employees as entrepreneurs require a team to support them achieve their goals. Iaccoca suggested that having a dynamic team and keeping their enthusiasm and support was critical to achieving any change and vision. Conclusion It has been discussed in detail that there are three main characteristics that are essential to a successful entrepreneur. While studies have detailed the numerous other characteristics that have not been mentioned this this piece, they all shared a common view point that confidence, leadership and creativity and innovative characteristics are all associated with successful entrepreneurs. Based on the examples of previous successful entrepreneurs Steve Jobs and Lee Iacocca, it was illustrated that they all shared the same essential characteristics listed above. The first and most important characteristic for a successful entrepreneur was to be able to have self confidence. Without this key trait, it was illustrated through literature that other characteristics are not possible or ineffective and that it was the fundamental trait any entrepreneur requires. It was followed by the need for entrepreneurs to require a form of creativeness and innovation to create new cheaper solutions, and change the market by implementing services and products subjected to the surrounding culture. Finally, Leadership and its ability to influence and motivate employees to assist the entrepreneur achieve the change and goals they seek is only possible with the help of self confidence.

Race: Social Construct

Race as a Social Construct â€Å"Race dominates our personal lives† (192 Lopez). Race is constantly a part of people’s lives and throughout the film Rabbit Proof Fence directed by Phillip Noyce and the Critical Race Theory written by Ian Lopez, we are able to see in what ways it affects people. The film depicts a group of three half caste Aborigine girls, who are taken from their family by a white man, Mr. Neville. The girls are taken to be trained as servants and also so they can assimilate to the â€Å"White† culture.The article explains how race can be mistaken to be a biological difference, but how it actually is a social construct created by society. Throughout their works, Lopez and Noyce portray that race is not determined by biological factors, but rather by society creating social constructs. The Aborigine’s uneasiness towards whites because of how the whites treat and degrade them for their physical attributes exemplifies how race is a social con struct. In the movie, the half caste kids were nervous of being taken and never being able to see their mothers again.The half castes were taken to their new â€Å"home† where they were â€Å"[checked] for skin color and the fairer ones who are cleverer† to see who can be freed to leave and get a good education (Noyce). The whites were the ones who were free and had many more opportunities than the Aborigines did because of the color of their skin; hence, â€Å"Their race in the end determined whether they were free or enslaved† (192 Lopez). Their freedom was controlled by the whites, who caused them and their family’s pain because the whites thought their race was superior.In Rabbit Proof Fence, the whites separate themselves and the Aborigines because of their skin color and make the mistake of determining race by biological differences. Although Molly’s wit is able to fool Mr. Neville, Moodoo knows where the girls are, proving that race is creat ed by society and not by genes. There are times when Moodoo senses the girls nearby, but seems to ignore it. When he is with the white man looking for the girls he says â€Å"she’s pretty clever that girl, she wants to go home† (Noyce) because he wants to pretend he does not know where they are.He understands that it is unfair for these helpless people to be taken from their families out of force because he can relate since his daughter was taken as well. In the Critical Race Theory article, Lopez talks about how â€Å"Black and White are social groups, not genetically distinct branches of humankind† (193 Lopez). To Mr. Neville, whites are thought to be superior because of how they look compared to the Aborigines; therefore, the fairer ones are more intelligent and clever. Molly and Moodoo prove Mr.Neville wrong when they outsmart him, which verifies that race is a social construct. Race can be thought of â€Å"as a vast group of people loosely bound together b y historically contingent, socially significant elements† (193 Lopez) from their ancestry. Society has categorized people based on many different characteristics ranging from â€Å"hair, complexion, and facial features† (192 Lopez). We see this categorization in the movie when the whites put the half caste Aborigines in a special camp away from their families because of their skin color.The Critical Race Theory explains to us that race is a social construct created by society and Rabbit Proof Fence provides us with examples from the article. Race is constantly mistaken to be people with different physical attributes, when in reality a person’s biology should not and does not determine which race he or she belongs to. Race is a social construct. Works Cited Delgado, Richard. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995. Rabbit-proof Fence. Dir. Phillip Noyce. Perf. Everlyn Sampi, Tianna Sansbury, Laura Monaghan, and Kenneth Charles Branagh . Miramax Films, 2002. DVD.

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work Essays

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work Essays Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work Essay Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work Essay The modern significance of the word gender emerged in the 1970s. Its original intent was to pull a line between biological sex and how peculiar ideas and behaviors could be defined as either feminine or masculine ( Pilcher A ; Whelehan, 2004 ) . The ground for utilizing the word gender was to raise consciousness of the hyperbole of biological differences between work forces and adult females. The popularity of this significance for the word gender resulted from the attempts of 2nd wave feminism in the 1970s. This essay examines how 2nd wave feminism attempted to build a grand narrative of adult females s subjugation. It so examines Judith Butler s part to post-modern womens rightist theory through her performative theory of gender and how this fits into post-modern womens rightist arguments. A merchandise of 2nd moving ridge feminism, which began around 1970, was the effort to topographic point adult females within a grand narrative history of their subjugation. One of the seminal authors on this narration was Simone de Beauvoir. Her work in depicting how adult females had become the other in her bookThe Second Sexual activity( de Beauvoir, 1961 ) laid the foundations for what was to come in the 2nd moving ridge of feminism ( Gamble, 2002 ) . De Beauvoir argues that the manner in which work forces think about adult females is merely in relation to their phantasies, that they have no substance of their ain. Unfortunately, for de Beauvoir, adult females have come to accept work forces s phantasies of muliebrity as representing their ain construct of themselves. For de Beauvoir, it was for adult females to gestate of themselves in their ain footings, to take back the power themselves. A unfavorable judgment of de Beauvoir s attack was that it tended to fault adult females for their current status ( Gamble, 2002 ) . The 2nd moving ridge womens rightists of the 1970s, nevertheless, such as Millet ( 1970 ) , pointed to patriarchy as the root cause of adult females s subjugation. It is patriarchy, so Millet argued, that has become a political establishment, and from this flows all the other signifiers of adult females s subjugation. Firestone ( 1970 ) besides took a strong line against patriarchate, comparing adult females s subjugation to a caste or category system. Ideological support for patriarchate, in Firestone s position, has come from establishments such as the household, matrimony along with romantic love. These thoughts are referred to as building a grand narrative , a manner of charting the history and development of peculiar thoughts, in this instance adult females s subjugation ( MacNay, 1997 ) . One of the jobs that much feminist idea has come up against in seeking to supply a grand narrative of adult females s subjugation is that it is hard to efficaciously give all adult females a common individuality ( Whelehan, 1995 ) . If the really thought of gender flows from cultural beginnings, so it is merely natural to reason that gender has different significances in different cultural contexts. How so can a common individuality be posited? Other critics such as Richards ( 1982 ) , analyzing 2nd wave feminism from a broad position, have seen it as a motion that has failed. Richards sees many of the feminist attacks as being utmost and unattractive, and non focussing, as she sees it, on rational argument. She criticises womens rightists for using eccentric statements which do non conform to the normative outlooks of philosophical argument. Further, she criticises feminism for disregarding the obvious differences between work forces and adult females such as adult females s ability to hold kids and thereby showing an unrealistic image of Utopian gender dealingss. Another vivacious watercourse of unfavorable judgment against 2nd moving ridge feminism has been that it assumes that what is required is a reversal in the comparative places of work forces and adult females. In other words, if adult females can take the place of work forces in society so their subjugation will eventually be undone ( Brooks, 1997 ) . Alternatively, nevertheless, post-modernist signifiers of feminism have tended to knock the placing of adult females and work forces in oppositional classs. Post-modernist authors, such as Judith Butler, Brooks argues, assist the feminist argument move on from the expansive narration to the focusing on deconstruction and individuality ( Brooks, 1997 ) . Judith Butler s work as a societal theoretician has been highly influential. Some of the major subjects of her work include of import parts to thwart theory and her unfavorable judgment of the manner in which gender has been constructed ( Clough, 2000 ) . Her discovery work wasGender Troublewhich strongly criticised bing womens rightist theory on gender such as the work of Firestone and Millet. Butler ( 1990 ) points out that feminist attacks have tended to underscore the difference between gender and sex. In these positions sex is seen as a biological fact, while gender is a cultural building. The job for Butler is that this split has gone excessively far, such that it is non possible to analyze how the sexed organic structure is constituted ( Salih A ; Butler, 2004 ) . Rather than dividing gender and sex, so, Butler s work has really collapsed one into the other ( Fraser, 2002 ) . Sandford ( 1999 ) explains that this is achieved by demoing that gender really produces sex. Butler ( 1990 ) asks whether it is possible to speak about the masculine properties of a adult male and so speak about their feminine properties and still be able to impute reasonable significance to the word gender . Butler ( 1990 ) argues that when the thought of woman and man are dispensed with, it is more hard to see how these gendered properties can still be feasible. Butler ( 1990 ) states that gender can non needfully be referred to in footings of these properties, or as a noun, a thing of itself, but instead as a verb. In this sense Butler considers gender to be performative, to be an act which constitutes itself instead than fluxing from some other beginning. The unfavorable judgment aimed by Butler ( 1990 ) at feminist theory is exactly that it has argued there must be a beginning for actions. This means that gender can non be performed of itself ; it must be performedbysomething. Butler ( 1990 ) provides an illustration in the relationship between sexual desire and gender. Freud s account that attractive force comes from biological sex is considered by Butler. She argues that sexual attractive force, instead than coming from sex, is a procedure that is learned over clip, that is a public presentation we work on, non something fluxing straight from biological sex. The political deductions of this statement are critical, particularly for homosexualism. Kirsch ( 2001 ) argues that some people in the fagot motion have accepted the primacy of biological science. This thought is related to essentialism which relies on factors such as the gay cistron to explicate homosexualism. In contrast to this position, a constructionist attack concentrates on the ways in which society encourages certain types of behavior through societal norms. Men and women , within Butler s theory, are no longer essentialist cosmopolitan classs but instead free-floating classs which are socially produced. The norms to which Butler is mentioning are those which see the organic structure as being straight related to the types of sexual desire and patterns that are associated with it ( Salih A ; Butler, 2004 ) . Sexual desires and patterns which do non suit within this matrix are not allowed . In order to understand how sexed organic structures are produced, Butler uses Lacan s reading of Freud ( Salih A ; Butler, 2004 ) . Lacan argues that it is through phantasy that the sexed organic structure is created. Salih ( 2002 ) points out that it is Butler s usage of Freud that is one of her most of import accomplishments. Here, she analyses Freud s thought of the Oedipus composite. This is where the kid is forced to give up its desire for its parents by the incest tabu. Butler reinterprets this by reasoning that the kid desires the parent of thesamesex, but finds that this is forbidden. Sexual activity and gender individualities are so formed from this tabu. Butler argues that everyone s g ender individuality is formed from this homosexual tabu. Butler refers to the formation of gender individuality in footings of melancholy designation ( Salih, 2002 ) . The topographic point where this designation can be seen, harmonizing to Butler, is on the organic structure in the signifier of gender and sex individualities. While Butler s theory of performativity along with her work in post-modern womens rightist theory has been highly influential, it has besides provoked a just grade of unfavorable judgment. Benhabib ( 1995 ) has argued that the decease of the topic, which is at the bosom of Butler s thesis, leads to an incoherent image. Benhabib ( 1995 ) points out that it is hard to believe there is nil behind the mask of gender, that bureau appears wholly absent. In a parallel statement to Benhabib, Kirsch ( 2001 ) makes the point that this negation of the topic has negative effects for thoughts of individuality and corporate action. A sense of collectivity, in peculiar, is frequently seen by those coming out as supplying support. In Butler s theory, nevertheless, there is merely the focal point on the person. To Kirsch ( 2001 ) it seems that Butler s theory tends to cut down the ability of the wider community to supply support to the person. A more generalized unfavorable judgment of modern feminism, nevertheless it is labelled, is that there is a sense in which it is an sole nine. Butler s thoughts associating to the performativity of gender are merely available to a certain restricted group in society: white, middle-class, rational ( Whelehan, 1995 ) . Each feminist sub-movement implicitly creates its ain lists of what can be done, and what can non. Womans, hence, can happen it hard to label themselves every bit womens rightists as there are now many evident bars to entry and negative associations with it ( Whelehan, 1995 ) . Possibly in this sense 2nd moving ridge feminism, as enunciated by Firestone and Millet, provided a vision with which it was easier to tie in. In contrast, post-modern positions, a class in which Butler s work has been put, supply a much more complex and illusive analysis of gender ; even, as some critics would hold it, doing it harder for those trying to populate outside society s norms. It has been argued that theories such as those put frontward by Butler have lead to the demand for a new type of feminism ( Pilcher A ; Whelehan, 2004 ) . This is exactly because postmodernist idea has rejected the grand narrations associated with 2nd moving ridge feminism. As a consequence, adult females may happen it hard to claim the individuality woman as its nature is so contested in postmodernist idea ( Pilcher A ; Whelehan, 2004 ) . This is portion of the job that alleged post-feminism has attempted to turn to. This leads to an effort to reply the inquiry: What gender am I? Viewed through the influence of Butler s theories, it is progressively hard to supply a clear reply. The two replies that are most natural , male or female all of a sudden become disused looks which appear devoid of their old significance. With the subject seemingly removed from the equation, it is hard to put claim to any peculiar gender. Certainly Butler s theory does non connote that both work forces and adult females can go without hinderance across the boundaries of gender, far from it. Naturally society s norms still apply and even evildoings are carried outin relation tothe norms themselves. Ultimately, though, the inquiry comes back to the job of bureau. If it is up to me to take my gender, as I wish, so who is making the choosing? When Butler even rejects the thought of there being an histrion at all, all intending slices from the inquiry What gender am I? In decision, the 2nd moving ridge of feminism brought a expansive narrative position of the history of adult females s subjugation. It pointed to subjugation as a political establishment enforced through societal mechanisms such as the household, matrimony and economic sciences. Critics of this attack, nevertheless, questioned whether it was possible to put adult females up in direct resistance to work forces. Judith Butler responded to the 2nd moving ridge position by fall ining the thoughts of gender and sex into each other. Gender, she argues, is performed, and so the topic in feminist idea, was seemingly destroyed. But, argued critics of Butler, these impressions of gender appear to curtail the political power of feminism, to go forth it toothless, without its topic. Trying to reply the inquiry What gender am I? when viewed in the visible radiation of Butler s theory, leads to a sense of confusion. I could be both, I could be either, I could be neither. Is this freedom, or is it merely excessively free-form? Mentions Benhabib, S. ( 1995 ) . Subjectivity, historiography, and political relations: Contemplations on the feminism/postmodernism exchange. In: S. Benhabib, J. Butler, D. Cornell, A ; N. Fraser ( Eds. ) .Feminist contentions: A philosophical exchange. New York: Routledge. Brooks, A. ( 1997 ) .Postfeminisms: Feminism, cultural theory, and cultural signifiers. Oxford: Routledge. Butler, J. ( 1990 ) .Gender Trouble: Gender and the Subversion of Identity. Oxford: Routledge. Clough, P. T. ( 2000 ) Judith Butler. In: G. Ritzer ( Ed. ) .The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Beauvoir, S. ( 1961 ) .The Second Sexual activity. Translated by HM Parshley. New York: Bantam. Firestone, S. ( 1970 ) .The dialectic of sex: The instance for feminist revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company. Fraser, M. ( 2002 ) . What is the affair of feminist unfavorable judgment?Economy and Society, 31( 4 ) , 606-625. Gamble, S. ( 2002 ) .The Routledge comrade to feminism and postfeminism. Oxford: Routledge. Kirsch, M. ( 2001 ) .Queer theory and societal alteration. London: Routledge. MacNay, L. ( 1997 ) .Foucault and feminism: power, gender and the ego. London: Polity Press. Millet, K. ( 1970 ) .Sexual political relations. London: Ballantine. Pilcher, J. , A ; Whelehan, I. ( 2004 )Cardinal constructs in gender surveies. London: Sage. Richards, J. ( 1982 ) .The doubting womens rightist: a philosophical question. London: Penguin. Salih, S. ( 2002 ) .Routledge critical minds: Judith Butler. Oxford: Routledge. Salih, S. , A ; Butler, J. ( 2004 ) .The Judith Butler reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Sandford, S. ( 1999 ) Contingent ontologies: sex, gender and â€Å"woman† in Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler.Extremist Philosophy 97, 18–29. Whelehan, I. ( 1995 ) .Modern feminist idea: from the 2nd moving ridge to post-feminism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.