Jane Austens Sense And Sensibility Essays -- Austen Sense Sensibility

Sense and Sensibility is a book that deals with many of lifes circumstances during the eightteen hundreds. Although it was written in the first person it place provide the reader with a detailed perspective on the lifestyle of the upper crust of society. However, in order to clear a full sense of appreciation of this lifestyle the elements of the opposite group, the lower class, must be attained. By comparing the differences amongst lifestyles characteristics which differ between individuals of their respective groups can be explained, and more importantly be justified. The Dashwoods are undoubtedly not of the lower crust of society, instead they were of the upper middle class for a come in of different reasons. The most obvious which set them apart from the lower class is that they do not need to deform to in order to survive. Although they were left on a budget by the senior Mr. Dashwood, they had no inclinatio n to work, nor was there any mention of it during the entire novel. They were content with simply waiting to be hook up with by a financially stable male. The evidence for this statement came from Mrs. Jennings when she said (She) Missed no opportunity of projecting weddings among all the young people. This is the same give that any reasonable female of that era would participate in. The aristocrats of that time would not have imagined that taking a regular job was the way to succeed, and they were right. It was impossible to succeed, heretofore to the people who did work at those time it was not about success, but rather survival. At the time this book was written England was going through a Boom. The industrial revolut... ...l servant, the expense would be a trifle mama she was sure would never object.(22) This left the reader perplexed and curious to understand why this would be the case. However, after analyzing the lifestyle of the lowe r class, and the upper classes, the reader can gain a sense of understanding as to the mindset of the Dashwood family. It is easy to see how someone that has servants and hunters at their feet might not know how to make it on their own, or for themselves. It is easy to get accustomed to a particular lifestyle, especially if it is one you are born into. Although it is not the families fault that they are not accustomed to hard work, but it begs me to ask the question how does one learn the meaning of hard work if one never works hard? Britain. 2005. History Channel. 2 Feb 2005. http//www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl?ID=210855

The American Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920s Essay -- American Hi

The American Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920s The parapet of alcoholic beverage in the United States lasted from 1920 until 1932. The movement began in the late nineteenth century, and was fueled by the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893 (Why Prohibition?). This league and early(a) anti-alcohol organizations, began to succeed in establishing local prohibition laws. By the 1920s prohibition was a national effort.The prohibition movement was aimed primarily at closing barrooms. Saloons were the brewing companies place in retail business, selling alcohol by the glass. In the early twentieth century, there was one saloon for every one-hundred fifty or two-hundred Americans. This competitiveness forced saloon keepers to find other ways to make money. By the 1920s saloons had become houses of gambling and prostitution, not the innocent, friendly bar we associate the word with today (Why Prohibition?). The prohibition advocates found such establishments offensive, and sought to revoke their licenses. The National Prohibition Act was added to the United States Constitution on January 16th, 1920 (The Eighteenth Amendment). The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the illegal manufacturing or selling of alcohol. There were only two ways to legally obtain alcohol under the prohibition laws. Religious groups were granted the right to obtain alcohol for sacramental purposes, and doctors were permitted to write prescriptions (Medicinal Alcohol). People have believed in medicinal benefits of alcohol since ancient times, using it to cure snake bites and control disease. Even though the look has begun to dwindle in the early twentieth century, alcohol was legally manufactured for medic... ...ter. Prohibition. http//www.detektivroman.de/forum/_disc3/0000004d.htm May 2002.This site has good statistical information about Capone and other Chicago gangs during the 1920s.Medicinal Alcohol. http//prohibition. chronicle.ohiostate .edu/Medicinal_Alcohol.htm.This site gives a brief history (very brief) of the beliefs in medicinal alcohol.The Eighteenth Amendment and the National Prohibition Act. http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/wick/wick1.htmlThis site gives a detailed analysis of the National Prohibition Act.Speakeasy. http//hotwired.lycos.com/cocktail/links/speakeasy.html Lycos, 2002.This site gives a quick idea of what a speakeasy was.Why Prohibition? http//prohibition.history.ohiostate.edu/whyprohibition.htm November, 2002.This site gives a history of the prohibition movement.

wild flower :: essays research papers

Wild FlowerBut father I cope him said Tallulah, which means running water, and ran out of the tepee. Tallulah ran and ran non seeing the way. Tears were coming from her big embrown eyes, passing soft pink cheeks, falling to the ground. She knew that she will never see her father again. There was love in her join for him however the other feeling took over. Tallulah fell on the ground where green soft grass welcomed her beautiful small body that was gasping for air. Silk presbyopic black as a wing of a raven, hair were all over the face trying to dry the tears that were not stopping. Now Tallulah matt-up free. Free to do whatever she wished however the only thing she wanted was his love. The love that she met six months ago in the woods, while collecting berries for her family. It was love at first sight. Tallulah remembered that day like it was yesterday. His big blue eyes showed unlimited skies and ocean waves. Red hair endlessly played games with the sun. The lips, color of r ed kooky flowers, spoke sweet words that melted in the air. Light skin was soft and fightm to touch covered big built body that brought Tallulah protective cover and took fears away. His name was Brendan, Brendan Smith.Brendan was a soldier that came from Ireland with his father looking for better being. At his eighteen Brendan knew the rules of life. Even as a soldier it was hard for him to acceptthe war and deaths of many innocent people. Brendan got used to seeing Indian people moved by force from one place to the other. He put himself in their sentiment and imagined what kind of suffering they are going through but it was not in his power to change anything, to stop the war. * * *Oh Lord, what a beautiful flower you grew on this earth, said Brendan looking at Tallulah. She Looked at him and was about to run away but her legs did not listen. Do not worry I would not heart you. Just tell me your name. no answer.Fine, dont say a word just let me look at you. Let me look into yo ur brown eyes. Oh, they are so pure, I think I am getting lost in them. Tallulah smiled. Your smile is full of joy and innocence, Tallulah looked down and her cheeks became red.

The Matthew Shepard Event Essay -- Gay Bashing Violence Law Papers

The Matthew Shepard EventThe humane body is an object in which one lives and the medium through which one experiences oneself and the world. The human body vests claims on ideology and space and thus participates as the site on which conflicts about belief systems and territory contest violently. Gay bodies become mire in military unit when they enter into arenas that combat certain ideas. Gay bashing illustrates incidences all in which bodies experience physical injury. In modern U.S. communities various militant conservatives singly target homosexuals in gay bashing. Though few conservative political groups explicitly avow targeting gays for physical violence, their members individually carry out anti-gay brutality. Mathew Shepards brutal gain in 1998 illustrates a relatively recent incident in which the human body becomes politicized. What is the process by which the pain and death of Shepards body transform the in-person into the political? What does gay bashing mean to att ackers, victims and the state? The attackers deliberate decision to raise Shepards body stemmed from their intensions to make public what was private. To narrow the scope of analysis, I vie that by writing into law a gay panic defense statute the state establishes an anti-gay social atmosphere in which private citizens act as agents of the state to protect patriarchy by carrying out implicitly legalized physical violence against gays. The Gay Panic Defense uses the word panic to convey a sense of abruptness in the perpetrators thought process during the moment they carry out the criminal behavior. The Oxford English Dictionary defines panic as a choppy uncontrollable fear or anxiety. The word panic projects the illusion that t... ...ial meaning becomes embodied by meaning within context that ultimately has a put up in the body. Participating in the transformation of the private into the public, the human body is both an object in which one lives and a site of political articulat ion. kit and boodle Cited 1. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and punish. New York Random house. 2. Friend, Richard A. 1993. Choices, not closets heterosexism and homophobia in schools. Beyond Silenced voices. Albany State University of New York Press. 209-235. 3. Kaufman, Moises. 2001. The Laramie Project. New York First Vintage Books. 4. Nardi, Peter, Bolton, Ralph. 1991. Gay bashing violence and aggression against gay men and lesbians. Social perspective in lesbian and gay studies. New York Routledge. 412-433. 5. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. 1985. Between Men. New York Columbia University Press.

Free Things They Carried Essays: Communists and Capitalists

Communists and Capitalists in The Things They Carried     The Vietnam War was directly related to the Cold War, where the communists and the capitalists used balance-of-power administration to keep the other from dominating the world. Yet, there was a role reversal amongst the soldiers fighting for the capitalists and democracy. Many of the soldiers made deals amongst themselves, which were in essence communist, stating that should one become wound or severely wounded, their buddy would end the soldiers suffering by killing him. This is seen in Enemies and Friends.   Enemies and Friends tell the tale of two soldiers who initially do not travel along, but through the course of the war, form a bond that holds even through death. In the opening sentence, OBrien says, Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight.(62) In doing so, he shows the uplifted tensions of the entire war. The friction and animosity are evident between the USSR and the USA and North Vietna m and South Vietnam, but to show the tension within the same array proves just how drastic...

Free Things They Carried Essays: Communists and Capitalists

Communists and Capitalists in The Things They Carried     The Vietnam War was directly related to the Cold War, where the communists and the capitalists used balance-of-power politics to keep the other from dominating the world. Yet, there was a role reversal amongst the soldiers fighting for the capitalists and democracy. Many of the soldiers made deals amongst themselves, which were in essence communist, stating that should one become injured or severely wounded, their buddy would end the soldiers suffering by cleanup position him. This is seen in Enemies and Friends.   Enemies and Friends tell the tale of two soldiers who initially do not get along, but through the course of the war, form a bond that holds redden through death. In the opening sentence, OBrien says, Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight.(62) In doing so, he shows the high tensions of the entire war. The friction and animosity are evident between the USSR and the ground forces and No rth Vietnam and South Vietnam, but to show the tension within the same army proves just how drastic...

Managing User Accounts In Linux Essay

Linuxs most notable advantage over other operating systems much(prenominal) as Windows and Mac is security and in order for a functionr to modify critical components of the system, such as drug user accounts, is to have access rights of a ROOT. The root is at the top level of Linuxs user hierarchy and has all the rights to access all resources. To login as root, a user must use the command su username. After pressing the ENTER key, the system will prompt the user to type in the corresponding password. After entering the correct password, the user will inherit full access privileges including the right to modify other users account information.Attempting to enter the correct password will retract the user from inheriting the roots privileges. su screenshot Let us at one time attempt to create a youthful user called guy rope. But first, permit us check if that username is not yet taken. id computed tomography screenshot Since username bozo is still available we can now cre ate his user account. useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We have just created a username called bozo and makes his default folder under /home/bozo and gave him the UID of 600. by the way, UIDs are unique identifiers of users.Users can be a representation of both human users and services running in the Linux system. UIDs are used by Linux in relation to his password and privilege information stored in the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group. One of the very first thing Linux does when creating a new user is to copy the files from the skeleton folder, which contains whatever files the admin wants to introduce to new users, into the newly created users folder. Now, let us try to take a look at those files by displaying a detailed listing of files including occult ones. ls la /home/skel/ So far so good. Now let us try creating another user and call her bozoette. useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We had an error. As stated earlier, UIDs are unique. Since we attempted to create a u ser and assigned the same UID with bozo, the system denied our request. But what if we do want give bozoete the UID 600? One of the many ways to do it is to first change bozos UID, say 601 and then create bozoettes user account utilise the newly-vacant UID of 600. Change bozos UID from 600 to 601. id bozo usermod -u 601 bozo id bozoThen create bozoettes new account with UID 600. useradd bozoette -d /home/bozoette -u 600 Now we have two new users bozo(uid601) and bozoette(uid600) with user directories /home/bozo and /home/bozoette, respectively. Note that user accounts remain inactive until a password is assigned to them. Let us now activate the two new user accounts by assigning passwords to them. passwd bozo passwd bozoette Users bozo and bozoette are now active and users can now login to the system utilise the correct username and password combinations for the accounts.REFERENCES Linux Headquarters. Adduser Adding A New User. Advanced Horizons. Linux Users. Mario P. Fre e November 28, 2007. Tutorial HowTo. fm. Command Line User Management. Notaras, George. 6 November 2005. G-Loaded User management from the command nervous strain

Geology and Technology Essay

The field of geology helps us understand our surroundings on e contrivanceh. The benefits of geology take how to protect our environment and supplies us with inherent resources. Geology helps assist us in avoiding geologic hazards and is based on the scientific method. One of the great contributions to human savvy made by geology is the concept of the vastness of geologic time. None of these benefits could have ever been discovered or even thought of if science did not collide with technology. Science and technology are closely related to each some other, and it seems like they are two major factors influencing the progress of our society.Since the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century science has been in progress. Some sectors that have been boosted by science and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology. A recently increasing challenge to the existence of the world has be en natural disasters. Natural disasters are consequences of the combination of a natural hazards and human populations. Natural hazards include earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, epidemic, and non-finite other natural processes that threaten population.Human vulnerability is caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, and leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The losses from disasters depend on the capacity of the population to resist the disaster. We directed our research toward an early warning system that could recognize natural disasters as soon as scientifically possible and spread that knowledge as quickly as possible in order to minimize loss to humans. Upon researching natural disaster alert systems, we came across an intriguing and promising worldwide system of integrated observational systems of the Earth from regions all around the world.This system of the future has numerous capabilities. In the article, New radar technology to boost ac curacy, excuse lives, the National Weather Service created a new radar technology after a record high of one thousand seven degree centigrade and six tornadoes were confirmed in 2011. The new technology was created in a desperate attempt to save those who could be at risk for a natural disaster, after five hundred and fifty lives were taken due to natural disasters in 2011. The new radar equipment sends forth horizontal and vertical sweeps, allowing forecasters to have a two dimensional look at severe weather.Dave Nadler, a warning coordination meteorologist from northern Alabama, says that the new technology allows weather service officials to get tornado warnings out much more accurately and much faster. (Blanton). Another technological advance that may save many lives is the LiDar, which is an instrument that can determine how an earthquake changes a landscape down to a few inches. The LiDar gives geologists insight into how earthquake faults behave, and may lead to geologists being able to predict an earthquake (Elliot).The remarkable development in space technology and its application during the last three decades have firmly established its immense potential for the development of the human society as a whole. Robert Jedicke did a study on asteroids in orbit around the sun. Jedicke knew that the asteroids orbiting around the sun mostly pass Earth very quickly. But, he discovered that on that point are some asteroids that move slowly, and often are captured by Earths gravity causing them to go into orbit around Earth. Jedicke used a computer chopine that calculated how many asteroids would be pulled into Earths orbit.He found that once every 100,000 years there is an asteroid the size of a football field that joins the other moons in Earths orbit. Another discovery that has been made in space because of technology is the possibility of life on Mars (Palca). The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed photographs of dried-out up flood plains and riverbeds on the planet, meaning that the water could have supported ancient life (Hadhazy). In London in 2012, the Natural History Museum standard a meteorite that fell from Mars to Earth. Because of the space rock being so new, scientists have a much better chance of learning about the planet. technology is so advanced today that we can determine what rock is most common to least common in the small portion of Mars (Chang). Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submerged in a sea of discoveries and inventions made possible by Science. Fields like Medicine and communications have made inroads into our cultures and thus our lifestyles.

Slavery Today

Slavery in the 21st Century Sex trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion. While this happens all over the world, it occurs more than more frequently in the United States than one would think. Sex traffickers use a variety of methods to condition their victims including starvation, confinement, beatings, physical abuse, rape, gang rape, threats of violence to the victims and the victims families, and forced dose use. In modern day slavery, human beings are literally bought and sold as property on the market, for amounts ranging from $80 to $5,000.Like in the 1800s, victims might til now be sold at auctions where they have been kidnapped or sold into slavery by their families or friends whom they believed they could trust. They have no control over their lives where they live, what work they do, their sexuality, or their health. Escaping is nearly impossible as victims are often constantly drugged, and they fea r being abused or even killed. This is very similar to slavery in the 1700s and 1800s. Right now there are many problems and issues being brought up about the United States, however sex trafficking has failed to be acknowledged by close as one of those issues.We should care more about sex trafficking since it is believed to be the 21st centurys version of slavery. In the 1800s slavery was abolished and ended with the well-behaved War, but now it has arisen once again in a different way. We should pay more attention to these issues in providing education on the topic by reporting on the statistics and effects of sex trafficking in the media. I dont know if we can truly abolish slavery in all(prenominal) form, but we should try as history has shown the effects slavery has on the individual, as well as, society.

Ecommerce in Bangladesh Essay

1. IntroductionWhen electronic job, commonly known as e occupation, is the buying and marketing of products or services over electronic corpses such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online execution do working, electronic selective information interchange (EDI), inventory management governances, and automated data collection clays. Modern electronic commerce typic every(prenominal)y exercisings the at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it whitethorn encompass a liberalr range of technologies such as email, mobile devices and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the gross revenue aspect of ebusiness 1. It to a fault consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and fabricatement aspects of business proceeding. E-commerce substructure be divided into i. E-tailing or virtual storefronts on Web sites with online composes, some clocks gathitherd into a virtual mall ii. The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts iii. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-tobusiness exchange of data iv. E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers (for example, with newsletters) v. Business-to-business buying and selling vi. The security of business transactions The main argonas of e-commerce argon followingi. Business to Business (B2B) ii. Business to Consumer (B2C) iii. Business to Government (B2G) iv. Government to Business (G2B)2. ObjectivesOur objectives are following i. To define e-commerce and describe how it differs from ebusiness. ii. To give away and describe the unique features of ecommerce technology and discuss their business signifi digestce. iii. To describe the major types of e-commerce. iv. To discuss the origins andgrowth of e-commerce. v. To explain the evolution of e-commer ce from its early course of instructions to today. vi. To identify the factors that give define the future of ecommerce. vii. To describe the major themes underlying the study of ecommerce. viii. To identify the major academic disciplines contributing to e-commerce and understand purpose of an e-commerce engine ix. To identify the luck and problem of e-commerce implementation in Bangladesh. x. To identify the future of e-commerce.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net150 multinational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 3. E-Commerce in Bangladesh In Bangladesh in that location is a limited application and use of B2C e-commerce .This field is not yet a great deal real in Bangladesh. There are many reasons tramp it one simple reason this terra firma is not so developed and most of its citizens are shortsighted and uneducated. It is quit natural that there are hardly a(prenominal) customers who is willing and can shop in internet. It will take years to be developed this sector in bd. The telecommunication infrastructure any country affect the Internet services directly, cause it is largely depended on it. In this chapter Define Need for e-commerce in Bangladesh, different sector in Bangladesh, overview of implementation horizontal surface of e-commerce in Bangladesh. And there is some problem such as low internet speed, no presentment gateway and internet range, and recommendation. 3.1 Need for E-commerce in Bangladesh With the increase diffusion of ICTs, more(prenominal) specifically the Internet, the orbicular business community is rapidly moving towards Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce. The buyers/ importers gain a clear advantage when the Internet gives them introduction to the globose market, by which they can compare prices across regions, find out whether prices vary by order fragmentation, get awareness or so substitute/ alternative products. Consequently, the sellers/ exporters remove sure that they are well portrayed in the cyber world through websites and portals. Like buyers, sellers in any case benefit from increased and more efficient access to the global market through the Internet. Bangladesh is pursuing an economic policy of export-led growth.With the rising forces of globalization, it is becoming increasingly grave that the private sector, in contingent the export sectors are well inclined(p) to meet the requirements and expectations of the importers and to a fault stand out in the competition against exporters in other countries. In such a scenario, two issues are becoming particularly serious for Bangladeshi export sectors one, whether businesses are automating their internal processes with these of ICTs to hold out increasingly efficient and competitive in a global context, and two, whether businesses hold effective comportment and participation in the cyber world. external organizations such as UNCTAD (United Nations Center for Trade and Development) and WTO (World Trade Organization) 2 have, over the last several years, put much emphasis on the importance of e-commerce for developing countries. UNCTAD has special programs to facilitate developing countries to transition into e-commerce. The WTO has in any case developed rules and guidelines for global e-commerce transactions. 3.2 E-commerce in Different Sector in Bangladesh Despite cosmos a under developed country, selected segments of the Bangladeshi business community has embraced technology with reasonable success. Personal computers and the Internet are also emerging as periodic business tools. These positive indicators are favoring the prospects of e-commerce in Bangladesh. i. RMG Sector ii. Banking on the Web (Online Banking) iii. Online Shopping iv. Web Hosting, Domain v. Online bank notes, gifts vi. Pay Bill 3.3 The Existing Situation and potency of E-commerce in Bangladesh Internet services are presently uncommitted in Bangladesh. Its usage for e-commerce by the Bangladeshi producers to export as well as to access inputs will be dependent on their willingness and ability to use this medium as well as that of the buyers of final products and the sellers of intermediate goods and services. work 1 depicts the triad dimensions of e-commerce. Business to-Consumers (B2C) e-commerce is practically non-existent within Bangladesh, while a very limited level of Business-to-Business (B2B) and Businessto-Government (B2G) transactions exists 3. The potential for use of e-commerce by Bangladeshi consumers and businesses with foreign firms is much brighter, and can play an important role in boosting the countrys exports. A significant volume of B2G is also possible, as the government remains the biggest spender.Figure 1. The Three Dimensions of E-commerce 3.4 E-commerce growth in Bangladesh E-commerce growth in Bangladesh shown in figure 3.2 in the year of 2000 e-commerce business is 11440 one thousand million taka. In the years of 2001 business of e- commerce is 15840 million taka and increase year by year 2002 business is 18980 million taka 2002 to 2004 businesses is not very fast but in the year of 2005 business of e-commerce is 22480 and end the year of 2006 business of e-commerce growth is 252000 million taka.Figure 2. E-commerce growth in Bangladesh4. MethodologiesThe methodologies of our survey are given below 4.1 Identification of scope of study 151Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 To accomplish the project objectives, a systematic process is followed. The project process begins with the identification of the project motif where studies was carried out to obtain enough discipline on the field of study. 4.2 Group discussions to collect suggestions on the survey of e-commerce system Discuss with group member nearly the topic and collect their suggestions on this topic. Also discuss impacts of ecommerce in our society and business and barriers ecommerce in different sectors in Bangladesh and the future of e-commerce system. 4.3 E-commerce site visits as clients Some e-commerce websites visits were do as clients. We visited websites like www.ebay.com, browsed many products, added product to obtain cart, acquired user account and observed the check out process. We also examined their user interface, front end design and various category of product. We searched products by different types, the product names and the company name. 4.4 Internet search to collect data on e-commerce growth world wide We searched the internet to collect data on e-commerce business growth establish on time, data on e-commerce revenue based on geographic locations. We also collected data about e-commerce business growth and present situation of ecommerce in Bangladesh. 4.5 Architecture and code review of e-commercesite We reviewed the main technologies involved in ecommerce site, which include php academic sittings, catalog technol ogy, server technology (hardware and software). We also reviewed credit card transaction and shopping cart halt process. 4.6 Interviews to find what people think about ecommerce We interviewed people from various sections of the society to find out what they think about e-commerce and what changes they needed. We also discussed with them what the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce systems are. 4.7 Introducing intentional change to understand ecommerce engine We downloaded e-commerce site code and changed the catalog of product, banner, product detail, product ikon, and increase and decrease number of product show in the main page also changed the theme of e-commerce site. We entered new products and removed selling product and updated the products. 5.1 Architecture This is the design of front-end design shown in Figure 3. There is a one home page, wish list, account, shopping cart, and product list and checkout option.Figure 3. E-commerce site front end design 5.2 Database Structure 5.2.1 E-R Diagram A sample entity kind diagram using Chens preeminence is shown in Figure 4.5. Technical Design of E-Commerce SiteThe technical design of e-commerce site include database structure, database outline, table structure, php session, shopping cart, e-r diagram, and credit card transaction.Figure 4. A sample entity congenericship diagram using Chens notation In software engineering, an entity kin perplex (ER model for short) is an abstract 4 and abstract model of data. Entityrelationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual dodging or semantic data model of a system, often 152Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 a comparative database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion.Diagrams created by this process are called entity relationship diagrams or ER diagrams. Using the three lineation approach to software engineering, th ere are three levels of ER models that may be developed. The conceptual data model is the highest level ER model in that it contains the least granular detail but establishes the overall scope of what is to be include within the model mess. The conceptual ER model normally defines master reference data entities that are commonly used by the organization. Developing an enterprise-wide conceptual ER model is useful to sanction documenting the data architecture for an organization. A conceptual ER model may be used as the first appearance for one or more reproducible data models. The purpose of the conceptual ER model is then to establish structural metadata commonality for the master data entities between the set of logical ER models. The conceptual data model may be used to form commonality relationships between ER models as a basis for data model integration. A logical ER model does not require a conceptual ER model particularly if the scope of the logical ER model is to develo p a single disparate information system. The logical ER model contains more detail than the conceptual ER model. In addition to master data entities, operational and transactional data entities are now defined 5. The details of each data entity are developed and the entity relationships between these data entities are established. The logical ER model is however developed independent of technology into which it will be implement. One or more physical ER models may be developed from each logical ER model. The physical ER model is normally developed be instantiated as a database. Therefore, each physical ER model must contain enough detail to produce a database and each physical ER model is technology dependent since each database management system is somewhat different. The physical model is normally forward engineered to instantiate the structural metadata into a database management system as comparative database objects such as database tables, database indexes such as unique key indexes, and database constraints such as a foreign key constraint or a commonality constraint. The ER model is also normally used to design modifications to the relational database objects and to maintain the structural metadata of the database. The first stage of information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information necessitate or the type of information that is to be stored in a database. The data modelingtechnique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain area of have-to doe with. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage ( commonly called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. 5.2.2 The Building Blocks Entities, Relationships, and Attributes The build bloc ks entities, relationships, and attributes as shown in Figure 5, first here two related entities then an entity with an attribute next in this figure a relationship with and attribute and finally see primary key.Figure 5. The building blocks entities, relationships, and attributes An entity may be defined as a thing which is recognized as being capable of an independent existence and which can be unequivocally identified. An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. When we speak of an entity we normally speak of some aspect of the real world which can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world. An entity may be a physical object such as a hearthstone or a car, an event such as a house sale or a car service, or a concept such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen we should really distinguish between an entity and an entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly spea king, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances of an entity-type. Because the term entity-type is somewhat cumbersome, most people tend to use the term entity as a synonym for this term. Entities can be thought of as nouns. Examples a computer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem. A relationship captures how entities are related to one another. Relationships can be thought of as verbs, linking two or more nouns. Examples owns relationship between a company and a computer, supervises relationship between an employee and a department 6, performs relationship between an artist and a song, a proved relationship between a mathematician and a theorem. The models linguistic aspect described above is utilized inVolume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net153International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 the declarative database query language ERROL, which mimics natural language, constructs. ERROLs semantics and imple mentation are based on Reshaped relational algebra (RRA), a relational algebra which is adapted to the entityrelationship model and captures its linguistic aspect. Entities and relationships can both have attributes. Examples an employee entity might have a Social Security outcome (SSN) attribute the proved relationship may have a date attribute. Every entity (unless it is a weak entity) must have a minimal set of uniquely identifying attributes, which is called the entitys primary key. Entityrelationship diagrams usurpt show single entities or single instances of relations. Rather, they show entity sets and relationship sets. Example a particular song is an entity. The collection of all songs in a database is an entity set. The eaten relationship between a child and her lunch is a single relationship. The set of all such child-lunch relationships in a database is a relationship set. In other words, a relationship set corresponds to a relation in mathematics, while a relationship corresponds to a member of the relation. 5.2.3Relationships, Roles and Cardinalities In Chens original paper he gives an example of a relationship and its roles. He describes a relationship conglutination and its two roles husband and wife. A person plays the role of husband in a marriage (relationship) and another person plays the role of wife in the ( same) marriage. These words are nouns. That is no surprise naming things requires a noun. However as is quite usual with new ideas, many eagerly appropriated the new lyric but then applied it to their own old ideas. Thus the lines, arrows and crows-feet of their diagrams owed more to the earlier Bachman diagrams than to Chens relationship diamonds. And they similarly misunderstood other important concepts. In particular, it became fashionable (now almost to the point of exclusivity) to name relationships and roles as verbs or phrases. 5.2.4 Limitations ER models assume information content that can readily be represent in a relatio nal database.They describe only a relational structure for this information. Hence, they are inadequate for systems in which the information cannot readily be stand for in relational form, such as with semistructured data. Furthermore, for many systems, the possible changes to the information contained are nontrivial and important enough to warrant explicit specification. Some authors have all-encompassing ER modeling with constructs to represent change, an approach supported by the original author an example is Anchor Modeling. An alternative is to model change separately, using a process modeling technique. Additional techniques can be used for other aspects of systems. For instance, ER models roughly Figure 6. E-R modeling 5.3 Table Structure In relational databases and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row a nd column intersect. A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows each row is identified by the values appearing in a particular column subset which has been identified as a unique key index. Table is another term for relations although there is the difference in that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) of rows whereas a relation is a set and does not allow duplicates. Besides the echt data rows, tables generally have companiond with them some meta-information, such as constraints on the table or on the values within particular columns. The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the database. Views are also relational tables, but 154correspond to just 1 of the 14 different modeling techniques offered by UML. Another limitation ER modeling is aimed at specifying information from scratch. This suits the design of new, standalone information systems, but is of less help in integrating pre-existing information sources that already defin e their own data prototypes in detail. horizontal where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity. One reason for this is todays abundance of tools to support diagramming and other design support directly on relational database management systems. These tools can readily extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams. In a survey, Brodie 7 and Liu could not find a single instance of entityrelationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies. Badia and Lemire blame this lack of useon the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration. Also, the enhanced entityrelationship model (EER modeling) introduces several concepts which are not present in ER modeling. ER modeling as shown in Figure 6.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 their data are calculated at query time. Another example is nicknames, which represent a pointer to a table in another database. 5.4 Database Schema A database synopsis of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS) and refers to the organization of data to create a blueprint of how a database will be constructed (divided into database tables). The formal definition of database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called fair play constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema. All constraints are expressible in the same language. A database can be considered a structure in fruition of the database language. The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real world entities are modeled in the database. A database sche ma specifies, based on the database administrators knowledge of possible applications, the facts that can enter the database, or those of interest to the possible end-users. The notion of a database schema plays the same role as the notion of theory in predicate calculus. A model of this theory closely corresponds to a database, which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object. Thus a schema can contain formulas representing integrity constraints specifically for an application and the constraints specifically for a type of database, all expressed in the same database language. In a relational database 8, the schema defines the tables, fields, relationships, views, indexes, packages, procedures, functions, queues, triggers, types, sequences, materialized views, synonyms, database links, directories, Java, XML schemas, and other elements. Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphicaldepiction of the database structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database. In an Oracle Database system, the term schema has a slightly different connotation. For the interpretation used in an Oracle Database, see schema object. 5.5 Levels of Database Schema A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their relationships. This describes the semantics of an organization and represents a series of assertions about its nature. Specifically, it describes the things of significance to an organization (entity classes), about which it is inclined to collect information, and characteristics of (attributes) and associations between pairs of those things of significance (relationships).Figure 7. Conceptual schema or conceptual data model A logical schema is an false name that allows a unique name to be given to all the physical schemas containing the same data store structures. The ai m of the logical schema is to ensure the portability of the procedures and models on the different physical schemas. In this way, all developments in Designer are carried out exclusively on logical schemas. A logical schema can have one or more physical implementations on separate physical schemas, but they must be based on data servers of the same technology. A logical schema is always directly linked to a technology. To be usable, a logical schema must be declared in a context. Declaring a logical schema in a context consists of indicating which physical schema corresponds to the alias logical schema for this context. For example The logical schema leger is the set of Sybase tables required for the functioning of the accounting application. These tables are stored in a physical schema for each installation of the accounting application. Work in Designer or Operator is always done on the logical schema LEDGER. Only the context allows the physical schema on which the operations ar e actually done to be determined. Thus, the user can switch from one physical environment to another in a single action. A logical schemas example is shown in figure 8. Table 1 Name of the logical schema Name of the logical schema LEDGER LEDGER LEDGER Context Boston Seattle produceion Seattle Test Physical Schema Sybase Boston LDG Sybase SEATTLE PROD LDG Sybase SEATTLE TEST LDGVolume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net155International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 This article discusses the Oracle use of the term. For other uses of schema in a database context, such as a graphical representation of tables and other objects in a database, see database schema. In an Oracle database, associated with each database user is a schema. A schema comprises a collection of schema objects. Examples of schema objects include tables, views, sequences, synonyms, indexes, clusters, database links, snapshots, procedures, functions and packages.Figure 8. Logic al schemas Physical schema is a term used in data management to describe how data is to be be and stored (files, indices, et al.) in secondary storage using a particular database management system (DBMS) (e.g., Oracle RDBMS, Sybase SQL Server, etc.). The logical schema was the way data were represented to adapt to the constraints of a particular approach to database management. At that time the choices were hierarchical and network. Describing the logical schema, however, still did not describe how physically data would be stored on disc drives. That is the domain of the physical schema. Now logical schemas describe data in terms of relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags. A single set of tables, for example, can be implemented in numerous ways, up to and including an architecture where table rows are maintained on computers in different countries.Figure 10. Schema objects 5.6 Php Sessions A PHP session variable star is used to store information about , or change settings for a user session. Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one application 9. When you are working with an application, you open it, do some changes and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you rifle the application and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem the web server does not know who you are and what you do because the HTTP goal doesntmaintain state. A PHP session solves this problem by allowing you to store user information on the server for later use (i.e. username, shopping items, etc). However, session information is temporary and will be deleted after the user has left the website. If you need a permanent storage you may want to store the data in a database. Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each visitor and store variables based on this UID. The UID is either stored in a biscuit or is propagated in the URL. I n PHP, sessions can keep track of authenticated in users. They are an essential building block in todays websites with big communities and a lot of user activity. Without sessions, everyone would be an anonymous visitor. In system terms, PHP sessions are little files, stored on the servers disk. But on high traffic sites, the disk I/O involved, and not being able to share sessions between multiple web servers make this default system far from ideal. This is how to enhance PHP session management in terms of performance and share ability. If you have multiple web servers all serving the same site, sessions should be shared among those servers, and not 156Figure 9. Physical schema In Database lore, a schema object is a logical data storage structure. This possibly originates from the use of the term in the context of Oracle databases. The term schema can have other meanings when talking about non-Oracle databases.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Scie nce and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 reside on each servers individual disk. Because once a user gets load-balanced to a different server, the session cannot be found, effectively logging the user out. A common way around this is to use custom session handlers. 5.7 Shopping Card A shopping cart is a software application that typically runs on the computer where your Web site is located (the Web server), and allows your customers to do things such as distinct for a product in your store catalog, adding a selected product to a basket, and placing an order for it. The shopping cart integrates with the rest of your Web site. In other words, there are typically links on your Web pages that customers can click on, and which allow them to perform someof the functions described above. For example, many e-commerce Web sites have a search link appearing on every Web page, as part of the navigation area Shopping carts are written in a variety of different programming languages . Some of them provide full access to the source code, thus allowing experienced programmers to make modifications to the system features, some others dont. Some shopping carts run on Windows Web servers, some on Unix, others on both. In most cases, you can place the shopping cart on your Web server simply by transferring its files there using any FTP 10 software, where FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. For example, our shopping cart software called Product Card is a collection of files written in a programming language called Classic ASP, and that you host on a Windows server. Experienced programmers can tailor-make the system as they wish as the source code is included. iii. merchant runs credit card through the point of sale unit. The amount of the sale is either hand-entered or transmitted by the bullion register. iv. Merchant transmits the credit card data and sales amount with a request for authorization of the sale to their acquiring bank. . v.The acquiring bank that processes the transaction, routes the authorization request to the card-issuing bank. The credit card number identifies type of card, issuing bank, and the cardholders account. vi. If the cardholder has enough credit in their account to spinning top the sale, the issuing bank authorizes the transaction and generates an authorization code. This code is sent back to the acquiring bank. vii. The acquiring bank processing the transaction, and then sends the approval or defence code to the merchants point of sale unit. Each point of sale device has a separate terminal ID for credit card processors to be able to route data back to that particular unit. viii. A sale draft, or slip, is printed out by the point of sale unit or cash register. The merchant asks the buyer to sign the sale draft, which obligates them to reimburse the cardissuing bank for the amount of the sale. ix. At a later time, probably that night when the store is closing up, the merchant reviews all the authorizations st ored in the point of sale unit against the signed sales drafts. When all the credit card authorizations have been verified to match the actual sales drafts, the merchant will capture, or transmit, the data on each authorized credit card transaction to the acquiring bank for deposit. This is in lieu of depositing the actual signed paper drafts with the bank. x. The acquiring bank performswhat is called an interchange for each sales draft, with the appropriate card-issuing bank. The card-issuing bank transfers the amount of the sales draft, minus an interchange fee to the acquiring bank. xi. The acquiring bank then deposits the amount of the all the sales drafts submitted by the merchant, less a discount fee, into the merchants bank account. Credit card transaction is shown in Figure 12.Figure 11. Google Checkout shopping cart 5.8 Credit Card Transaction From the information presented in the preceding sections, we can start to piece together what is occurring during a credit card tran saction. We know that merchants have a relationship with either an acquiring bank or independent sales organization, through which they have their credit card transactions processed. The section on industry terminology shows us some of the fees involved in this process. Merchants must pay the acquiring bank or ISO a discount fee based on the inwardness amount of the sale. Likewise, the acquiring bank or ISO must pay the card issuer an interchange fee when they process the sales draft from the merchant. Steps involved in a normal credit card transaction i. Merchant calculates the amount of purchase and asks buyer for payment ii. Buyer presents merchant with a credit card.Figure 12. Credit card transaction6. ConclusionElectronic commerce or e-commerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. E157Volume 2 Issue 2, February 201 3 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 commerce has grown tremendously worldwide. In the future e-commerce may become totally mobile based. In Bangladesh E-commerce also become a very powerful business mechanism but Bangladesh will have to overcome the problems with poor network connectivity and electronic paymentissues. The problems identified in this Project are Security problem, Confusing checkout process, Customers cant find products, Customers cant touch and fell a product, No sales staff means any chance of up-selling, Language barrier. Regarding the identified problems the following solutions have been proposed Merchant needs to ensure the platform employs strong encryption for payment processing and customer data retention. E-commerce platform should always have a visible running total of purchases prominently displayed during the customer experience. E-commerce platform must support the ability to present the customer with nested categories as well as a search box. An e-commerce platform should also support the ability to attach multiple pictures to a product catalog page, allowing the consumer to view the product from multiple angles. E-commerce platform needs to be able to associate products with related and complimentary products. The system should allow all translation to be done centrally. My M.Sc Engg. in CSE is running at Bangladesh University of applied science and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. My research interest areas are the image processing, Computer Networks, Computer Networks and Data Security, Compiler, Theory of Computations, etc. My several papers Published in International Journals. Muhammad Golam Kibria, Assistant Professor and Head, subdivision of CSE, University of Information Technology & Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh. I completed Masters in Mobile Computing and Communication from the University of Greenwich, London, UK. My research interests are Computer Netw ork Security and image processing, Sensor, Robotics and Wireless Sensor Network. Mohammad Nuruzzaman Bhuiyan is working as a Lecturer at the Department of CSE & IT, University of Information Technology & Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212.Bangladesh. I have completed my B.Sc Engg. and M.Sc Engg. in CS from The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. My research interest areas are Fundamental of Computer, Web technology, Computer Networks, Computer Networks and Data Security, Theory of Computations, etc. My several papers accepted in International Journals.References1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commerce 2 Tkacz, Ewaryst Kapczynski, Adrian (2009), Springer, P. 255 3 Online Today, The Electronic Mall. CIS/compuserve nostalgia.Http//www.gsbrown.org/compuserve/electronic-mall1984-04/. 4 http//www.marketwatch.com/story/amazon-buysdiaperscom-parent-in-545-mln-deal-2010-11-08/. 5 http//techcrunch.com/2011/03/28/ebay-to-acquire-gsicommerce-for-2-4-billio n 6 Miller, Holmes E. And Engemann, Kurt J. (1996) A methodology for managing information-based risk Information Resources Management Journal 92 17-24 7 http//www.e-consultancy.com/news communicate/363726/whydo-customers-abandon-the-Checkoutprocess.htmlcopyright 2008 Voloper Creations Inc. 7 8 http//www.articlesbase.com/e-commercearticles/impacts-of-e-commerce-on-business1882952.html 9 http//www.startupsmart.com.au/mentor/michaelfox/2011-02-03Authors ProfileMd. Akbor Hossain received the B.Sc degrees in CSE University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. I am working as a Lab Demonstrator at the Department of CSE & IT, University of Information Technology & Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. *Md. Akkas Ali is working as a Lecturer at the Department of CSE & IT, University of Information Technology & Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka1212, Bangladesh. I completed my B.Sc Engg. in CSE from Chittagong University of Engineeri ng and Technology (CUET), Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 30

two-dimensional watched Mrs. Flowers go over Sheriff Mossbergs badge, memory it lightly in one(a) hand and locomotening her fingers over it with the other.The badge came from Rebecca, Sheriff Mossbergs niece. It had seemed comp permitely a coincidence when compressed had al near run into her earlier that day. Then hed noticed that she was wearing a mans shirt as a dress. The shirt had been beaten(prenominal) a Ridgemont sheriffs shirt.Then he had seen the badge tranquillize attached to it. You could say a lot of things ab away Sheriff Mossberg, unless you couldnt imagine him losing his badge. two-dimensional had forgotten some(prenominal) sense of g altogetherantry and snatched at the little metal shield before Rebecca could stop him. Hed had a sick feeling in his stomach indeed(prenominal), and it had except gotten worsened since. Mrs. Flowerss expression was doing cipher to comfort him.It wasnt in direct contact with his skin, she verbalise softly, so the images I get are hazy. that oh, my dear Matt she raise shadowed look to his I am timid. She shivered, sitting at her kitchen table c vibrissa, where two mugs of hot spiced milk sat un ga in that locationd.Matt had to clear his throat and touch the scalding milk to his lips. You think we need to go discover to look.We must, express Mrs. Flowers. She shook her ear, with its soft, wispy white curls, sadly. Dear Ma ma is most insistent, and I tin feel it alike a great disturbance in this artifact.Matt felt the faintest shade of pride tingeing his fear for having secured the artifact and and then he thought, yeah, robbing badges from the shirts of twelve-year-old girls is rightfully somewhatthing to be proud of.Mrs. Flowerss voice came from the kitchen. Youd best wander on s invariablyal shirts and sweaters as well as a pair of these. She emerged side dashs through the kitchen door, holding several farsighted coats, apparently from the closet in front of the kitchen door, and se veral pairs of gardening gloves.Matt jumped up to help her with the armfuls of coats and then went into a coughing rack up as the smell of mothb every(prenominal)s and of something else, something spicy surrounded him.Why do I feel like Christmas? he express, forced to cough between each some words.Oh, now that would be Great-Aunt Morwens clove preservation recipe, Mrs. Flowers replied. Some of these coats are from Mothers time.Matt believed her. But its still warm go forth. Why should we wear coats at all?For protection, dear Matt, for protection These clothes harbour spells woven into the material to safeguard us from evil.Even the gardening gloves? Matt asked doubtfully.Even the gloves, Mrs. Flowers verbalise firmly. She paused and then said in a quiet voice, And wed better gather some flashlights, Matt dear, because this is something were passing to have to do in the darkness.Youre kiddingNo, sadly, I am not. And we should get some rope to tie ourselves together. Unde r no circumstances must we enter the thicket of the Old Wood tonight.An hour later, Matt was still thought. He hadnt had any appetite for Mrs. Flowerss hearty Braised Eggplant au Fromage dinner, and the wheels in his capitulum exactly wouldnt stop turning.I wonder if this is how Elena feels, he thought, when shes putting together Plans A, B, and C. I wonder if she ever feels this stupid doing it.He felt a tightening around his heart, and for the three-hundred-thousandth time since hed left her and Damon, he wondered if hed done the right thing.It had to be right, he told himself. It hurt the worst, and thats the proof of it. Things that unfeignedly, really hurt are the right thing to do.But I only cute to say best-bye to her.But if youd said practised-bye, youd never have left. Face it, moron, as far as Elena goes youre the worlds biggest loser. Ever since she found a boyfriend she liked better than you, youve been working like you were Meredith and bonny to help her keep h im and keep away The Bad Guy. possibly you should get you all little matching T-shirts saying I am a dog. I serve the Princess Ele SMACKMatt leaped up, and landed crouching, which was more painful than it looked in movies.Rattle-SmickIt was the loose shutter on the other side of the room. That first bang had really been a slam, though. The exterior of the boardinghouse was in pretty bad shape, and the wooden shutters in that respect sometimes suddenly came free of their wintertime nails.But was it really just a coincidence? Matt thought, as soon as his heart had stopped galloping. In this boardinghouse where Stefan had spent so much time? Maybe somehow there were still remnants of his spirit around, tuned to what people thought within these halls. If so, Matt had just been given a solid whack to the solar plexus, from the way he felt.Sorry, bud, he thought, almost saying it out loud. I didnt guess to trash your girl. Shes under a lot of pres positive(predicate).Trash his girl?Tra sh Elena?Hell, hed be the first person to knock out any system who trashed Elena. Provided Stefan didnt use vampire tricks to get in front of himAnd what was it Elena always said? You tailt be too prepared. You cant have too many subplans because, just as sure as God made a pesky shell around a peanut, your major plan was going to have some flaws.That was why Elena also worked with as many people as possible. So what if C and D workers never needed to get heterogeneous. They were there if they were needed.Thinking this, and with his head feeling a lot clearer than it had since he had sold the Prius and given Stefans money to Bonnie and Meredith for plane fare plus, Matt went to work.And then we took a walk around the estate, and saw the apple orchard, and the orange orchard, and the cherry orchard, Bonnie told Elena, who was lying d hold, spirit small and self-denialless, in her four-poster bed, which had been hung with dusty-gold sheer panels, right now held masking by heavy t assels in various shades of gold.Bonnie was sitting comfortably in a gold upholstered chair that had been drawn to the bed. She had her small plain feet up on the sheets.Elena was not being a fair patient. She wanted to get up, she insisted. She wanted to be able to walk around. That would do her more good than all the oatmeal and steak and milk and five-times-a-day visits from Dr. Meggar, who had come to live at the estate.She knew what they were all really afraid of, though. Bonnie had blurted it all out in one long sobbing, keening wail one night when the little redhead had been on duty beside her.Y-you screamed and all the v-vampires heard it, and Sage just picked up Meredith and me like two kittens, one under each arm, and he ran to where the screaming was. But b-by then so many people had gotten to you first You were unconscious but so was Damon, and somebody said, They-theyve been attacked and I th-think theyre dead And e actually-b-body was s-saying, Call the G-Guardians A nd I fainted, a little.Shhh, Elena had said kindly and cannily. Have some Black Magic to make it feel better.Bonnie had had some. And some more. And then shed gone on with the story. But Sage mustve known something because he said, Here, Im a doctor, and Im going to examine them. And you would really believe him, the way he said itAnd then he looked at both of you, and I guess he knew right away what happened, because he said, Fetch a carriage I need to seclude them t-to Dr. Meggar, my colleague. And the Lady Fazina herself came and said that they could have one of her carriages, and just send it back wh-whenever. Shes sooooo rich And then, we got you two out the back way because there were were some bastards who said, let them die. They were real demons, white like snow, called Snow Women. And then, then, we were just in the carriage and, oh my God Elena Elena, you died You stopped breathing twice And Sage and Meredith just kept doing kiss of life on you. And I I prayed so h-h- hard.Elena, fully into the story by now, had cuddled her, but Bonnies tears kept coming back.And we knocked at Dr. Meggars as if we were going to develop the door in and and someone told him and he examined her and said, She needs a transfusion. And I said, Take my blood. Because remember in school when we both gave blood to Jody Wright and we were practically the only ones who could do it because we were the same kind? And then Dr. Meggar got two tables ready like that Bonnie had snapped her fingers and I was so scared I could hardly hold still for the needle, but I did. I did, somehow And they gave you some of my blood. And, meanwhile, you know what Meredith did? She let Damon bite her. She really did. And Dr. Meggar sent the carriage back to the house to ask for servants who wanted a bonus because th-thats what its called here and the carriage came back full. And I dont know how many Damon bit, but it was a lot Dr. Meggar said it was the best medicine. And Meredith and Dam on and all of us talked and we win over Dr. Meggar to come here, I mean to live, and Lady Ulma is going to turn that whole building he was living in into a hospital for the poor people. And ever after that weve just been trying to get you well. Damon was fine the next morning. And Lady Ulma and Lucen and he I mean it was their idea but he did it, sent this beading to Lady Fazina it was one that her father had never found a client rich enough to buy, because its so big, like a good handful in size but irregular, that means with twists and turns, and a sheen like silver. They put it on a thick chain and sent it to her.Bonnies eyes had filled again. Because she relieve both you and Damon. Her carriage saved your lives. Bonnie had leaned forward to whisper, And Meredith told me its a secret, but not from you that being bitten isnt that bad. There And Bonnie, like the kitten she was, had yawned and stretched. I would have been bitten next, shed said almost wistfully, and quickly a dded, but you needed my blood. Human blood, but mine especially. I guess they know all about blood types here because they can taste and smell the differences. Then she gave a little jump and said, Do you want to look at the fox key half? We were so sure it was all over and wed never ever find it, but when Meredith went in the bedroom to get bitten and I promise that was all they did Damon gave it to her and asked her to keep it. So she did and she took good care of it and its in a little chest Lucen made out of something that looks like plastic but its not.Elena had admired the little crescent, but other than that there was nothing to do in bed but talk and read classical books or encyclopedias from Earth. They wouldnt even let her and Damon rest in the same room.Elena knew why. They were afraid she wouldnt just talk to Damon. They were afraid that she would get near to him and smell his exotic familiar smell, made up of Italian bergamot, mandarin, and cardamom, and that she woul d look up into his black eyes that could hold universes inside the pupils, and that her knees would go weak and shed wake up a vampire.They didnt know anything She and Damon had been safely exchanging blood for weeks before the crisis. If there was nothing to drive him out of sanity again, the way the pain had before, he would conduct himself like a perfect gentleman.Hm, Bonnie said, upon hearing this protest, pushing a tiny throw take a breather around with toenails that had been painted silver. I maybe wouldnt tell them that youve been exchanging blood so many times from the beginning. It might make them go Aha or something. You know, read something into it.Theres nothing to read into. Im here to collect my beloved Damon and Stefan is just helping me.Bonnie looked at her with her brows knitted and her mouth pursed, but didnt venture a word.Bonnie?Um-hm?Did I just say what I thought I said?Um-hm.Elena, with one motion, gathered an armful of pillows and deposited them on her face. Could you please tell chef that I want another steak and a big glass of milk? she requested in a muffled voice from under the pillows. Im not well.Matt had a new junk car. He was always able to get his hands on one when he really needed it. And now he was driving, in fits and starts, to Obaasans house.Mrs. Saitous house, he corrected himself hastily. He didnt want to tread on unfamiliar cultural customs, not when he was asking for a favor.The door at the Saitous was opened by a woman Matt had never seen before. She was an attractive woman, dressed very(prenominal) dramatically in a wide scarlet skirt or maybe in very wide scarlet pants she stood with her feet so far a crash that it was hard to tell. She wore a white blouse. Her face was striking two swaths of straight black hair and a smaller, neater swath of bangs that came to her eyebrows.But the most striking thing of all about her was that she was holding a long curved sword, pointed directly at Matt.H-hi, Matt said, when th e door swung open to reveal this apparition.This is a good house, the woman replied. This is not a house of evil spirits.I never thought it was, Matt said, retreating as the woman advanced. Honest.The woman shut her eyes, seemed to be searching for something in her own mind. Then, abruptly, she lowered the sword. You speak the truth. You mean no harm. Please come in.Thank you, Matt said. Hed never been so happy to have an older woman accept him.Orime, came a thin, feeble voice from upstairs. Is that one of the children?Yes, Hahawe, called the woman that Matt couldnt help thinking of as the woman with the sword.Send him up, why dont you?Of course, Hahawe.Ha ha I mean Hahawe? Matt said, turning a nervous laugh into a terrible sentence as the sword swung by his midriff again. Not Obaasan?The sword-woman smiled for the first time. Obaasan means grandmother. Hahawe is one of the ways to say mother. But mother wont mind at all if you call her Obaasan its a friendly greeting for a woman of her age.Okay, Matt said, trying his best to seem like an all-around friendly guy.Mrs. Saitou gestured him up the stairs and he peeped into several rooms before he found one with a large futon in the exact middle of a totally bare floor, and in it a woman who seemed so tiny and doll-like as not to be real.Her hair was just as soft and black as the sword-womans downstairs. It was put up or arranged somehow so that it lay around her like a halo as she lay on the bed. But the dark lashes on the pale cheeks were shut and Matt wondered if she had fallen into one of the sudden slumbers of the elderly.But then quite abruptly, the doll-like lady opened her eyes and smiled. Why, its Masato-chan she said, looking for at Matt.Bad beginning. If she didnt even recognize that a blond guy wasnt her Japanese friend from about sixty long time agoBut then she was laughing, with her small hands in front of her mouth. I know, I know, she said. Youre not Masato. He became a banker, very rich. Very t hick. Especially in the head and the stomach.She smiled at him again. Sit down, please. You can call me Obaasan if you want, or Orime. My daughter was named for me. But life has been hard for her, as it was for me. Being a shrine maiden and a samuraiit takes separate and much work. And my Orime did so welluntil we came here. We were looking for a town that would be peaceful and quiet. Instead, Isobel foundJim. And Jim wasuntrue.Matts throat swelled with the desire to defend his friend, but what defense could there be? Jim had spent one night with Caroline at Carolines pressing invitation. And he had become possessed and had brought that possession to his girlfriend Isobel, who had pierced her body grotesquely among other things.Weve got to get them, Matt found himself saying earnestly. The kitsune who started it all who started it with Caroline. Shinichi and his sister Misao.Kitsune. Obaasan was nodding her head. Yes, I said there would be one involved from the very beginning. Let me see I blessed some charms and amulets for your friends.And some bullets. I just sort of filled my pockets, Matt said, embarrassed, as he spilled out a jumble of different calibers on the edge of her futon cover. I even found some prayers on the Web about getting rid of them.Yes, youve been very thorough. Good. Obaasan looked at the hard copies hed printed of the prayers. Matt squirmed, knowing that he had only been running down Merediths To-Do list, and that the credit really belonged to her.Ill bless the bullets first and then Ill relieve out more amulets, she said. Put the amulets wherever you need protection most. And, well, I suppose you know what to do with the bullets.Yes, maam Matt fumbled in his pockets for the last few, put them into Obaasans outstretched hands. Then she chanted a long, elaborate prayer holding her tiny hands out over the bullets. Matt didnt find the incantation frightening, but he knew that as a psychic he was a dud, and that Bonnie had probably se en and heard things he couldnt.Should I aim for any particular part of them? Matt asked, watching the old woman and trying to follow along on his own copy of the prayers.No, any part of the body or head will do. If you take out a tail, youll make it weaker, but youll enrage it, as well. Obaasan paused and coughed, a small dry old-lady cough. Before Matt could offer to run downstairs and get her a drink, Mrs. Saitou entered the room with a tray and three cups of tea in little bowls.Thank you for waiting, she said politely as she knelt fluidly to serve them. Matt found with the first sip that the steaming green tea was much better than hed expected from his few experiences at restaurants.And then there was silence. Mrs. Saitou sat looking at the teacup, Obaasan lay looking white and shrunken under the futon cover, and Matt felt a storm of words building up in his own throat.Finally, even though good sense was counseling him not to speak, he burst out, God, Im so sorry about Isobel, Mr s. Saitou She doesnt deserve any of this I just wanted you to know that I Im just so sorry, and Im going to get the kitsune whos at the bottom of it. I promise you, Ill get himKitsune? Mrs. Saitou said sharply, staring at him as if hed gone mad. Obaasan looked on in pity from her pillow. Then, without waiting to gather up the tea things, Mrs. Saitou jumped up and ran out of the room.Matt was left speechless. I I Obaasan spoke from her pillow. Dont be too distressed, young man. My daughter, although a priestess, is very modern in her outlook. She would probably tell you that kitsune dont even exist.Even after I mean how does she think Isobel ?She thinks that there are evil influences in this town, but of the ordinary, human kind. She thinks Isobel did what she did because of the stress she was under, trying to be a good student, a good priestess, a good samurai.You mean, like, Mrs. Saitou feels guilty?She blames Isobels father for much of it. He is a salaryman back in Japan. Ob aasan paused. I dont know why I have told you all this.Im sorry, Matt said hastily. I wasnt trying to snoop.No, but you care about other people. I wish Isobel had had a boy like you instead of her daughter.Matt thought of the woeful figure hed seen at the hospital. Most of Isobels scars would end up invisible under her clothes presuming she learned to speak again. Bravely, he said, Well, Im still up for grabs.Obaasan smiled faintly at him, then put her head back down on the pillow no, it was a wooden headrest, Matt realized. It didnt look very comfortable. Its a great pity when there has to be strife between a human family and the kitsune, she said. Because there are rumors that one of our ancestors took a kitsune wife.Say what?Obaasan laughed, again behind concealing fists. Mukashi-mukashi, or as you say, long ago in the times of legend, a great Shogun became angy at all the kitsune on his estate for the mischief they made. For many long years they were up to all sorts of prank s, but when he suspected them of ruining the crops in the fields, that was it. He roused every man and woman in his household, and told them to take sticks and arrows and rocks and hoes and brooms and flush out all the foxes that had dens on his estate, even the ones between the attic and the roof. He was going to have every single fox killed without mercy. But the night before he did this, he had a dream in which a beautiful woman came and said she was responsible for all the foxes on the estate. And, she said, while it is true that we make mischief, we revenge you by eating the rats and mice and insects that really spoil the crops. Wont you agree to take your anger out just on me and execute me alone instead of all the foxes? I will come at dawn to hear your answer.And she kept her word, this most beautiful of kitsune, arriving at dawn with twelve beautiful maidens as attendants, but she outshone all of them just as the moon outshines a star. The Shogun could not bring himself to kill her, and in fact asked for her hand in marriage, and married her twelve attendants to his twelve most loyal retainers as well. And it is said that she was always a faithful wife, and bore him many children as fierce as Amaterasu the sun goddess, and as beautiful as the moon, and that this continued until one day the Shogun was on a journey and he happened to accidentally kill a fox. He hurried home to explain to his wife that it hadnt been intentional, but when he arrived he found his household in mourning, for his wife had already left him, with all his sons and daughters.Oh, too bad, Matt muttered, trying to be polite, when his brain elbowed him in the ribs. Wait. But if they all leftI see youre an attentive young man, the delicate old woman laughed. All his sons and daughters were goneexcept the youngest, a girl of peerless beauty, although she was just a child. She said, I love you too much to leave you, dear father, even if I must wear a human shape all my life. And that is how we are said to be descended from a kitsune.Well, these kitsune arent just causing mischief or ruining crops, Matt said. Theyre out to kill. And we have to fight back.Of course, of course. I didnt mean to upset you with my little story, Obaasan said. Ill write out those amulets for you now.It was as Matt was leaving that Mrs. Saitou appeared at the door. She put something into his hand. He glanced down at it and saw the same calligraphy that Obaasan had given him. Except that it was much smaller and written onA Post-it note? Matt asked, bewildered.Mrs. Saitou nodded. Very useful for slapping on the faces of demons or the limbs of trees or such. And, as he stared at her in complete amazement, My mother doesnt know all there is to know about everything.She also reach him a sturdy dagger, smaller than the sword she was still carrying, but very serviceable Matt immediately cut himself on it.Put your faith in friends and your instincts, she said.Slightly dazed, but feeling encour aged, Matt drove to Dr. Alperts house.

There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law

Introduction The Equality bring 2010 (EqA)1 came into force on the beginning(a) October 2010, replacing the earlier Equal Pay dress 19702, with the aim of offering greater certainty. Despite this, there is largely a replication of the wrong of the 1970 Act and there remain difficulties in enforcing the fundamental rule of equal recompense for equal track down, which is set out in Article 157 of the Treaty on the military operation of the European Union3 (TFEU). This has several elements which can potenti completelyy be argued by employers looking to discriminate against women, two of which airfields will be looked at here, in order to nourish or deny the statement made at the outset that employers are using the legal argument to dodge their obligations. For the purposes of arguing this point, two issues will be considered, in more detail the need for a comparator and the material justification defensive structure.Comparator The awaken equality requirement prohibits pay dis crimination based on sex and therefore a woman looking to bring a claim of this nature will need to be able to compare her contractual terms with a comparable or sufficiently similar male comparator. This persuasion of a comparator is used across the whole area of discrimination however it is do by somewhat more stringently in the representative of equal pay. In accordance with the EqA, it is necessary for the comparator to be actual. Unlike other areas of discrimination where the comparator can be hypothetical, it is necessary for the woman in this situation to find an actual comparator. It is also necessary for the comparator to be in the same employment, i.e. active by the same employer or at least an associated employer. The comparator must also be a current or former employee, but can non be a replenishment and the comparator is fundamentally the claimants choice. Bearing in mind all of these requirements, it is possible to see that there are several options available to th e employer, when it comes to arguing the validity of a comparator.In the case of Macarthys in 1980, it was held that there needed to be an actual comparator with the judge stating Comparisons are confined to parallels which may be drawn on the basis of concrete appraisals of the work actually performed by employees of different sex within the same establishment or service4. It is noted that this is not the case with a direct pay discrimination claim, where a hypothetical comparator may be allowed for the purposes of evidencing sex discrimination and less pay for the same work.A similar difficulty emerges in the area of working in the same establishment. In the case of the City of Edinburgh Council, 20125, where the Inner House of the Court overturned the previous decision of the EAT that had previously argued that the oral communication establishment could have a broad meaning. Instead, the Inner House restricted this substantially by saying that the comparator had to work at an es tablishment that was largely in the same geographical area. An employee looking to claim that they are existence paid less will also need to find a comparator who is broadly employed on common terms (as stated in Section 1(6) of the 1970 Act and restated in EqA). For example, in the case of Leverton (1989)6, it was possible for female nursery nurses to argue that they were beingness paid less than their comparators who were male clerical staff. All staff had a purple book of terms and conditions and this was sufficient to argue that they had common terms.Finally, there is the cadence frame over which the comparator has worked, with the ability of the claimant to look at a predecessor but not a successor. This was supported by the case of Walton, 20087, where it was held that a successor could not be used, as this would require the courts to hypothesise as to whether the comparator would have been treated differently, had they been employed at the same time. This is based on the a rgument that by looking into the future this would be hypothetical situation and impossible to consider how the employer would act in the future. It can therefore be seen that there are nonuple issues involved in locating a comparator, which can potentially make it easier for an employer to escape their obligations and to allow them to look at ways of paying female employees less, each directly or indirectly, or at the very least making the matter difficult for an employee to prove, in the absence of an obvious and exact comparator.Material justificationAnother area which presents a historical opportunity for the employer to look at escaping indebtedness is the use of the material agentive role defence contained in both the EqA and the 1970 Act. This defence allows an employer to pay an employee less than a comparator for whom they would otherwise be required to ensure equal pay, due to some non-discriminatory reason. There is non- specific requirement to deal with the notion of material defence, after the issue of equal pay has been discussed and it may be that the tribunal will in fact consider the material justification defence, at the outset, when looking at whether the jobs were of equal value8.The material cypher defence is dealt with in Section 1(3) of the 1970 Act, where it is stated that the employer would have a defence, if they could show that the deflexion in lucre is genuinely due to a material factor which is not the difference of sex. This is a genuine requirement and allows for employers to have a distinction in the midst of pay where it is required for the business need.An employer can show that they have a material factor defence where they can prove the following. Firstly that the explanation is genuine, second that the reason for less favourable treatment was down to that explanation, thirdly that the reason was not considered to be the difference of sex and finally that the reason is a meaning(a) and relevant difference between the man and woman in the instance9. When looking at the genuineness of the situation, the House of Lords stated in Bury Metropolitan Council that tribunals should not become too concerned over the issue of genuineness and should instead simply look at the facts surrounding the situation10. In this case, it was also stated that the difference will only be a sham, if it has been deliberately fabricated in order to present things otherwise than as they are.Crucially, it is also necessary for the factor to be material meaning, in accordance with Rainey, 1987, where the difference is significant and relevant, but this could be with reference to external factors, much(prenominal) as the market and not ineluctably simply down to the skills and knowledge of the individuals in question11. When it comes to material justification, the burden of proof shifts from party to party in such a way that offers a real opportunity for the employer to escape liability. Once the employee has shown that there is a prima facie case for an equal pay claim, the employer then has the burden of showing a material factor defence, before the burden then travelling back to the employee to show that this was not genuine or in error in some way.For example, it may be argued, as was the case in Cooksey and Others (2011)12, that the use of an on call allowance had the impact of men getting paid more than women, due to men being typically more available to undertake such work this was sufficient to constitute a material factor defence and the case was allowed, with the employer being culpable. stopping pointIt is concluded here that the original statement made that employers have been able to use legal argument and loopholes as a key way of escaping liability under the equal pay legislation is not merely a theoretical argument, but one that is supported and shown time and time again by the tribunals and court system. It is argued here that by just looking at the area of identifying a comparat or and the area of a material factor defence, there is a soldiery of complexities that can be used by the employer to evade liability. This area needs to be revisited carefully, if there is to be sufficient protection offered to women, in the future. As it stands, all but the most obvious of discriminatory scenarios are likely to evade the full extent of the legislation and this matter requires review, as a matter of urgency. Practicality is such that there are a variety of factors which may lead to a discrepancy of pay yet this needs to be addressed to ensure that any differences are materially justifiable and are appropriate in all circumstances so as to reduce the overall pay gap as far as possible.BibliographyBury Metropolitan Borough Council v Hamilton and other cases 2011 IRLR 358City of Edinburgh Council v Wilkinson and others 2012 IRLR 202,Cooksey and Others v Trafford Borough Council and others UKEAT/0255/11Equality Act 2010Equal Pay Act 1970Forex Neptune (Overseas) Ltd v Miller 1987 ICR 170,Glasgow City Council v Marshall 2000 ICR 196 (HL)Treaty on the Functioning of the European UnionLeverton v Clwyd County Council 1989 IRLR 28 (HL).Macarthys Ltd v Smith 1980 IRLR 210Prentis D, Unison. 2013. commenting on North and ors v Dumfries and Galloway Council 2013 SC 45Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board 1987 ICR 129Walton Centre for Neurology & Neuro Surgery NHS Trust v Bewley 2008 IRLR 588

Silas Marner Major Themes

Major Themes Class Silas Marner centers around two households, Marners cottage by the stone-pits and the Cass manor, the rubicund House. These two lottings represent gradation extremes, and the people of Raveloe know it. The cottage is the ramshackle abode of the lowliest member of Raveloe bon ton the manor is a sprawling home filled with gentry and a location for dances. Rather than set an impermeable boundary between these two worlds, Eliot stages many intersections between the two households. Dunstan Cass, who is a member of the pixilated class, enters Marners home looking for money. Silas Marner, lowly and miserable, raises aSquires granddaughter as his own child. Godfrey Cass, though he owns Marners cottage at the culmination of the novel, is actually in the weavers debt. These argon just a few instances of the permeability of class boundaries in the novel. In Raveloe, strict boundaries of class do non necessarily lead to greater happiness among the higher classes. Indeed , those with money-or those who be supposed to have money-tend to be the most harried and corrupt characters, much(prenominal) as Dunstan, Godfrey, and even Silas forrader Eppie. The person most oppressed by circumstances in Silas Marner is perhaps Godfrey Cass, who finds himself at the ercy of a underclass wife, who fails to have children of his own, and who ends up envying the bond of a lowly weaver and his daughter. Silas Marner and Eppie, on the different hand, though they do not have status or wealth, have power everyplace the Casses and seem to enjoy utter(prenominal) happiness. The Rainbow tavern and the church in Raveloe also serve as places where class differences are evident. The Rainbow becomes quite a different place when the gentles are having a dance during these times (in Chapter Six, for instance), the lesser villagers, kindred Mr. Macey, reign over the Rainbow, telling stories all the duration about the anded members of society. At the church, the important members of society sit in assign seats at the front of the church while the rest of the villagers sit behind them and watch. In both these places, although everyone recognizes the status difference between the common villagers and the gentry, this difference does not seem to be a trouble in Raveloe. The lower classes have not been fed the broth of revolt they seem quite content. Meanwhile, the amphetamine classes are not oppressive or cruel slave drivers like their milling machinery- owning counterparts. In fact, the gentry deposit upon the villagers to sincerely appreciate their mportance and value in the town. It is Mr. Macey, not Mr. Lammeter, who celebrates the history of the Warrens. And without the respectful, watching eyes of the villagers, the front-row seats in church would have less dignity. Thus, Silas Marner tends to represent class differences with historical accuracy. Eliot seems drawn to this pre-industrial era, when there was an easygoing class hierarchy in count ry towns. Compare the relatively class- indifferent respect that is shown in Raveloe to the horrible factory in the manufacturing town that Marner and Eppie visit in Chapter Twenty-One. The industrial world treats the lower classes as inhuman ogs in the factory wheels. In Raveloes trade-based society, meanwhile, each villager can play an important role in the success of the society. That is, the weaver is respected to some degree by the Squire if he weaves his linens well. Even so, one might reasonably argue that Eliots idyllic depiction of happy peasants romanticizes the difficulties of the class differences in nineteenth-century England. Myth and Folklore Many critics of the novel shifting its unrealistic situations and conclusions. They point out that Marners conversion from a miserable old misanthrope to a gentle father happens too quickly, and they argue that the end of the ovel has too much poetic justice, with every character get a just reward. These critics hold the nove l to a standard of realism that others see as inappropriate to Eliots goals in Silas Marner . Defenders of the novel argue that is is more like a fable, operating through the moral logical system of a ottoman tale in order to accomplish goals beyond however representing reality. In fables, ballads, myths and fairy tales, sudden transformations, inexplicable coincidences and other such unrealistic plot devices are part of the magic. Novels need not read like documentaries. Silas Marner is a work of fantasy as much as it represents a deeper eality. plot of ground the plot reflects the novels mythic character, there is also explicit reference to myth and legend throughout the novel. distort itself is a classic sign of myths across cultures (see the Mythology and Weaving web site). Certainly Eliot was well aware of this emblem when she chose her protagonist and the activity of weaving. The story also has a strong Biblical undercurrent, recalling especially the stories of Job, King David, the censure from Eden, and Cain and Abel. And the author of Silas Marner expects readers to understand its many references to ancient mythology including the Fates and Arachne (a weaver ransformed into a spidernote the profusion of sucking louse imagery describing Marner). The hearth, where Eppie is suddenly found, is an especially powerful image in Roman myth. Myth and superstition are active patterns in the village. Mr. Macey tells ghost stories about the Warrens and predicts the future. The villagers look with curiosity on wanderers such as Marner, perceiving that such persons belong to a separate, magical race with powers to heal or harm. These patterns contribute to the folkloric character of the work. Even while Silas Marner satirizes the superstitions of the villagers and offers a fairly realistic explanation or every miracle in it, the novel engages the mysteries of fate and roll in the hay that characterize legendary literature. Memory George Eliot and William Wo rdsworth have a special affinity. In Silas Marner , more perhaps than in any of her other works, this affinity provides the root of the novel. Eliot even facetiously wrote, in a letter to her publisher, that she should not have believed that any one would have been interested in the novel but myself (since William Wordsworth is dead). Eliot uses poetry from Wordsworth as her epigraph, she quotes and echoes his run-in throughout the work, and she centers the redemption of her rotagonist on one of Wordsworths favorite themes memory. For Eliot and for Wordsworth, memory is not simply about recollect in the everyday sense it is about the profound experience of owning ones own history, of embodying ones past. For example, in Silas Marners redemption afterwards finding Eppie, the first thing he thinks about is his long-lost baby sister, someone he has not mind about for at least fifteen years. In fact, Eppies name was also his mothers name and his sisters name. Eppie does not merely allow Marner to move forward out of the meaningless cycle of weaving and mourning in which he is trapped at the time of er arrival, but she also allows Marner to recover elements of his own past. Many other motives are connected with memory. Marners herb gathering, for instance, is something he learned from his mother, which he had forgotten until Eppie arrived. His healing process requires rearward reaches into the positive, meaningful elements of his past. In the presence of Eppie, Marners memory propels him to a richer future. George Eliots own memory contributed to key elements of the novel. In a letter, Eliot writes that the novel unfolded from the merest millet-seed of thought. This little seed was her recollection f a stooped, old weaver walking on in the Midlands whom she happened to see one day long before she began the work. Eliots enrichment of this scrap of her memory is much like the process of remembering in the novel. From a remembered gesture-such as gathering her bs with ones mother- one can unfold an stallion horizon of value pertinent to the present. Memory, for both Eliot and her characters, is active and creative, more than a passive storehouse of acquaintance and experience. In remembering we deepen our present life. One way to create the new is to refashion and reinterpret what we have recovered from old times and old meanings.